Beneficios del ejercicio supervisado en la rehabilitación de pacientes oncológicos: una revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v68.110146Palabras clave:
Cáncer, rehabilitación postoperatoria, ejercicio físico, calidad de vida, funcionalidad físicaResumen
Introducción: El cáncer y sus tratamientos deterioran la calidad de vida, pero hoy sabemos que el ejercicio físico, especialmente cuando es supervisado, puede marcar una gran diferencia. Mejora la salud general, alivia síntomas como la fatiga y la ansiedad, y ayuda a recuperar capacidades físicas y respuestas metabólicas importantes.
Objetivos: Examinar la evidencia científica sobre los beneficios del ejercicio supervisado en la rehabilitación de pacientes oncológicos, con el fin de identificar las mejores prácticas y estrategias de intervención que optimicen los resultados en su salud general.
Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus y Google Scholar, utilizando términos específicos y criterios de inclusión para estudios publicados entre 2013 y 2024. Se identificaron 1,169 registros (PubMed =677, Scopus =79, Web of Science =287, Cochrane Library =126). Tras eliminar duplicados (n=587) y registros no aptos (n=181), se examinaron 348 registros, excluyendo 768. Finalmente, se incluyeron 19 ensayos clínicos aleatorios, con 2,117 participantes y una edad promedio de 44.41 años.
Conclusión: El ejercicio físico mejora la salud física y mental de pacientes con cáncer, aumentando la fuerza muscular y la calidad de vida, y reduciendo la fatiga y la depresión. También favorece la salud ósea y metabólica, reforzando la importancia de su integración en los programas de tratamiento y recuperación del cáncer.
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