Un estudio longitudinal de 12 meses sobre el entrenamiento aeróbico versus anaeróbico: efectos en la composición corporal y el rendimiento atlético
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v68.110454Palabras clave:
Adaptación a largo plazo, composición corporal, entrenamiento aeróbico, entrenamiento anaeróbico, rendimiento atléticoResumen
Introducción: El entrenamiento aeróbico y anaeróbico induce adaptaciones fisiológicas específicas, pero sus efectos comparativos a largo plazo aún no se comprenden completamente.
Objetivo: Evaluar y comparar los efectos de 12 meses de entrenamiento aeróbico y anaeróbico sobre la composición corporal, la condición cardiovascular y el rendimiento atlético en adultos sanos de 18 a 35 años.
Metodología: Ensayo controlado aleatorizado (n = 120; 60 hombres, 60 mujeres), con asignación a un grupo de entrenamiento aeróbico (AT) o anaeróbico (ANT). Se realizaron evaluaciones a los 0, 3, 6 y 12 meses, incluyendo composición corporal (DXA), VO₂ máx y métricas de rendimiento (fuerza, potencia, resistencia). Completaron el estudio 108 participantes.
Resultados: El grupo AT redujo significativamente el porcentaje de grasa corporal (-4,6%, p < .001) y mejoró el VO₂ máx (+6,8 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, p < .001), reflejando mejoras cardiovasculares y en pérdida de grasa. El grupo ANT mostró mayores aumentos en masa magra (+3,2 kg, p < .001), fuerza muscular (+22,7 kg en press de banca, p < .001) y potencia anaeróbica (+423 W, p < .001). Ambos grupos mejoraron según la especificidad del entrenamiento.
Discusión: Los resultados confirman adaptaciones divergentes y orientadas a objetivos: el entrenamiento aeróbico optimiza la reducción de grasa y la capacidad cardiovascular, mientras que el anaeróbico favorece la fuerza, potencia y masa muscular.
Conclusiones: El entrenamiento aeróbico y anaeróbico ofrece beneficios distintos y complementarios. La programación debe adaptarse a objetivos individuales para maximizar resultados a largo plazo.
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