Impacto del ejercicio físico en la adiposopatía: revisión sistematica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v69.113545Palabras clave:
Ejercicio físico, adiposopatía, leptina, adiponectina, síndrome metabólicoResumen
Introducción: El ejercicio físico influye positivamente en la inflamación sistémica y en la función del tejido adiposo, particularmente a través de biomarcadores como la leptina y la adiponectina. Estas alteraciones están asociadas con obesidad, síndrome metabólico y enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.
Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de diferentes protocolos de ejercicio físico sobre los niveles de leptina y adiponectina en personas con obesidad y/o enfermedades crónicas.
Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de estudios experimentales (ensayos clínicos y cuasiexperimentales) publicados entre 2000 y 2024, que analizaron intervenciones de ejercicio físico en adultos con obesidad o enfermedades crónicas. Se incluyeron comparaciones con grupos control sin tratamiento, cuidados habituales o placebo. La búsqueda se realizó en PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library y Embase. Se identificaron 2.148 registros, se seleccionaron 14 estudios, que incluyeron (n=510, participantes, edad media 28.02 años). Dos revisores independientes evaluaron el riesgo de sesgo con la herramienta Cochrane. Se calcularon diferencias de medias y odds ratio, y se aplicó el sistema GRADE para valorar la certeza de la evidencia.
Resultados: El ejercicio físico redujo significativamente los niveles de leptina y aumentó la adiponectina, mejorando la función del tejido adiposo. También se observaron mejoras en la capacidad cardiovascular (VO₂ pico).
Conclusiones: El ejercicio es una estrategia efectiva para modular biomarcadores inflamatorios y mejorar la salud metabólica en poblaciones con obesidad y enfermedades crónicas, aunque sus efectos varían según el tipo de protocolo aplicado.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Mauricio Ernesto Tauda, Eduardo Joel Cruzat Bravo, Rocio Beatriz Bustos Barahona, Yoselyn Yudith Reyes Sanchez, David Ismael Ergas Schleef
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