Efecto de las variaciones diurnas en el rendimiento cognitivo y físico de las atletas femeninas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v68.113742Palabras clave:
Cronobiología, rendimiento cognitivo, variaciones diurnas, atletas femeninas, rendimiento físicoResumen
Objetivo: El ritmo circadiano humano es un parámetro fundamental para comprender su estado biológico, fisiológico y psicológico actual, lo que influye ampliamente en la condición física. Los mecanismos fisiológicos subyacentes a los ritmos circadianos siguen estando poco explorados, a pesar de su posible impacto en la salud física y mental. Este estudio tiene como objetivo examinar el efecto de diferentes momentos del día en el rendimiento cognitivo y físico de atletas femeninas. Metodología: Se empleó un diseño de medidas repetidas contrabalanceado dentro de los sujetos, involucrando a 15 estudiantes universitarias sanas de entre 18 y 25 años. Cada participante realizó pruebas de rendimiento cognitivo y físico en tres momentos distintos del día—6 AM, 12 PM y 6 PM—en días separados.
Resultados: El estudio mostró un efecto significativo de las variaciones diurnas en los índices de rendimiento cognitivo y físico.
Discusión: El rendimiento cognitivo presentó patrones variables a lo largo del día. El razonamiento perceptivo, medido por la prueba de Müller-Lyer, alcanzó su punto máximo en la mañana y fue más bajo en la noche. La memoria de trabajo, evaluada mediante la prueba de amplitud de dígitos, mostró valores moderados al mediodía y en la noche. La fuerza, medida por el salto vertical, fue mayor en la noche y menor en la mañana. La agilidad, evaluada con la prueba de agilidad de Illinois, alcanzó su punto máximo al mediodía y registró los valores más bajos en la mañana.
Conclusiones: La hora del día afecta significativamente el rendimiento cognitivo y físico en atletas femeninas. La fuerza alcanza su punto máximo en la noche, la agilidad al mediodía y el razonamiento perceptivo en la mañana, mientras que la memoria de trabajo muestra un rendimiento moderado al mediodía y en la noche. Estos resultados sugieren que los atletas y entrenadores pueden optimizar los horarios de entrenamiento y competición en función de las variaciones diurnas del rendimiento cognitivo y físico.
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