Métodos para monitorear la calidad de vida, la actividad física y el comportamiento sedentario en pacientes renales sometidos a hemodiálisis: una revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v68.116712Palabras clave:
Investigación en salud, sedentarismo, vigilancia poblacional, psicometría, insuficiencia renal crónicaResumen
Introducción: La calidad de vida de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada en hemodiálisis se ve comprometida. La monitorización adecuada de este resultado es esencial para orientar las intervenciones clínicas y las políticas sanitarias.
Objetivo: Recopilar, mediante una revisión sistemática, los métodos más utilizados para monitorizar la calidad de vida, la actividad física y el sedentarismo en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis.
Metodología: Esta es una revisión sistemática registrada en PROSPERO (CRD42024619112), realizada de acuerdo con la declaración PRISMA 2020. Se realizaron búsquedas entre 2013 y 2024 en las bases de datos Scopus, Medline (vía Pub-Med), Web of Science y Dimensions. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales con un enfoque cuantitativo o mixto, en inglés, español o portugués. Resultados: Se identificaron 2710 registros; tras la lectura de los textos completos, se incluyeron 57 estudios. El KDQOL-SF fue el instrumento más utilizado en estudios de calidad de vida (20). El IPAQ estuvo presente en 12 de los estudios sobre actividad física; solo 2 evaluaron el sedentarismo como variable independiente.
Discusión: Los resultados de la revisión confirman la necesidad de criterios más estrictos para la selección de un instrumento, considerando principalmente las limitaciones clínicas y funcionales de los pacientes en hemodiálisis. Pocos estudios emplearon medidas objetivas o herramientas desarrolladas o validadas específicamente para esta población.
Conclusiones: El KDQOL-SF y el IPAQ fueron los instrumentos más utilizados; sin embargo, su sensibilidad aún es cuestionable. Se recomienda el desarrollo o la adaptación transcultural de instrumentos más sensibles al contexto de la hemodiálisis, especialmente para evaluar el sedentarismo con mayor precisión.
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