Baja disponibilidad energética en atletas y su relación con la composición corporal: revisión de alcance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v68.115402Palabras clave:
Atletas, Composición corporal, Gasto energético, Actividad físicaResumen
Introducción: En el campo del ejercicio, la disponibilidad energética es la energía disponible después de afrontar el ejercicio físico. Una baja disponibilidad energética puede generar grandes complicaciones de salud y de composición corporal.
Objetivo: El estudio consideró (a) explorar valores de composición corporal asociados a estados de disponibilidad energética, (b) identificar fórmulas algebraicas y características sobre el gasto energético del ejercicio y (c) discutir los hallazgos sobre las variables que componen la estimación de la disponibilidad energética.
Metodología: Bajo la guía (PRISMA-ScR), se realizó un análisis descriptivo sobre la evidencia encontrada en las bases de datos Scopus, EMBASE, ScienceDirect y PubMed/MEDLINE, en febrero de 2025.
Resultados: según los hallazgos 54 estudios cumplieron con los criterios de selección, encontrando 1219 mujeres y 599 hombres de diferentes deportes y edades. En el 53.15% de las mujeres y el 31.21% de los hombres, se halló baja disponibilidad energética clínica con valores de composición corporal en amplios rangos.
Discusión: La disponibilidad energética en atletas varía según características del cálculo, métodos de estimación del gasto energético y composición corporal. Diferencias en metodologías, como el uso incorrecto de fórmulas, pueden inducir errores en su medición. Es necesario estandarizar conceptual y procedimentalmente, para mitigar posibles distorsiones.
Conclusiones: Distinguir entre las mejores prácticas y métodos para estimar la ingesta y el gasto energéticos del ejercicio supone una solución a la heterogeneidad de los resultados, a su vez, indicadores de composición corporal como el índice de masa libre de grasa podría ofrecer mejores relaciones con la disponibilidad energética.
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