Impacto del ejercicio en Vo₂peak y Fev₁ en fibrosis quística: una revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v74.117144Palabras clave:
Fibrosis quística, ejercicio físico, VO₂peak, FEV₁, capacidad aeróbica, calidad de vidaResumen
Introducción: La fibrosis quística (FQ) es una enfermedad genética multisistémica caracterizada por secreciones espesas, daño pulmonar progresivo y compromiso funcional. Entre los principales indicadores pronósticos destacan el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO₂peak) y el volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (FEV₁). Aunque el ejercicio físico es recomendado por guías clínicas como parte del tratamiento integral en FQ, persiste incertidumbre sobre su impacto objetivo, especialmente en la función pulmonar.
Objetivos: Evaluar, mediante una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) publicados desde 2017, los efectos del ejercicio físico sobre el VO₂peak y el FEV₁ en personas con FQ.
Metodología: Se aplicaron las directrices PRISMA 2020. Se incluyeron ECA con participantes diagnosticados con FQ, sin restricción etaria, que compararan programas de ejercicio (aeróbico, de fuerza o mixtos) con cuidados estándar. Los estudios debían reportar medidas pre y post intervención de VO₂peak y/o FEV₁. La búsqueda bibliográfica se actualizó hasta mayo de 2025. Se evaluó el riesgo de sesgo con la herramienta RoB 2 y la certeza de la evidencia con el sistema GRADE.
Resultados: Se incluyeron 13 ECA (n = 392; edades entre 6 y 40 años). En la mayoría de los estudios, el ejercicio físico mejoró significativamente el VO₂peak (incrementos del 5 al 15%). En contraste, no se observaron mejoras significativas en el FEV₁. Un único estudio (ACTIVATE-CF) mostró un aumento transitorio en el grupo control a los seis meses.
Conclusiones: El ejercicio físico mejora consistentemente la capacidad aeróbica en FQ, pero no induce cambios clínicamente relevantes en la función pulmonar (FEV₁) a corto plazo.
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