Lesiones musculoesqueléticas en atletas de élite del Centro de Alto Rendimiento de Chile: prevalencia y características

Autores/as

  • Felipe Podestá Barrientos Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Centro de Alto Rendimiento, Instituto Nacional de Deportes. (Chile)
  • Pía Altamirano Altamirano Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Centro de Alto Rendimiento, Instituto Nacional de Deportes. (Chile)
  • Cristóbal San Martín Mohr Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Medicina, Programa de Medicina Deportiva y Ciencias del Ejercicio (Chile). Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Kinesiología (Chile).
  • Andr´es Flores León Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Medicina, Programa de Medicina Deportiva y Ciencias del Ejercicio (Chile). Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Kinesiología (Chile). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2876-2758

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v76.117812

Palabras clave:

Lesiones deportivas, Epidemiología clínica, Sistema musculoesquelético, Deportes

Resumen

Introducción: Existe la necesidad de caracterizar las lesiones musculoesqueléticas (MSK-I) en deportistas de élite para comprender los factores asociados a su aparición y su impacto en el desempeño deportivo.

Objetivo: Caracterizar las MSK-I en los deportistas de élite atendidos en el Centro de Alto Rendimiento de Chile.

Metodología: Estudio observacional, analítico y transversal. Se ingresaron 286 deportistas y 372 registros clínicos en el servicio de kinesiología durante 2023. Se consideraron variables demográficas, tipo y ubicación de la lesión, período y mecanismo. Se aplicaron estadísticas descriptivas, chi-cuadrado y regresión logística para identificar factores de riesgo, utilizando Jamovi, con significancia estadística de p<0.05.

Resultados: Aproximadamente 1 de cada 4 deportistas presentó al menos una MSK-I, con recurrencia en algunos casos. Predominaron lesiones en hombres, por sobreuso y en extremidades inferiores, principalmente musculares (p<0.01). Los deportes de combate mostraron mayor riesgo de lesiones traumáticas, mientras que deportes con balón y de fuerza resistencia evidenciaron predominio de lesiones por sobreuso, con variaciones según sexo (p<0.01).

Discusión: Los hallazgos coinciden con estudios previos en cuanto a características de MSK-I, aunque, a diferencia de otras investigaciones, las lesiones traumáticas no predominaron durante las competencias. Los hallazgos del presente estudio aportan información relevante para optimizar la toma de decisiones clínicas por parte del equipo médico, en las recomendaciones al deportista y a su entorno.

Conclusiones: La prevalencia de MSK-I superó, en promedio, una lesión por deportista, siendo más frecuente en hombres, asociada a sobreuso durante los entrenamientos y afectando principalmente la extremidad inferior y el tejido muscular, con variaciones de riesgo según la categoría deportiva.

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Publicado

12-02-2026

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Artículos de carácter científico: investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas

Cómo citar

Podestá Barrientos, F., Altamirano Altamirano, P., San Martín Mohr, C., & Flores León, A. (2026). Lesiones musculoesqueléticas en atletas de élite del Centro de Alto Rendimiento de Chile: prevalencia y características. Retos, 76, 769-781. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v76.117812