Dieta, trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y perfeccionismo en los deportes de combate con categorías de peso: un estudio piloto

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v75.117813

Palabras clave:

Deportes de combate, conductas alimentarias desordenadas, pérdida de peso rápida, perfeccionismo

Resumen

Introducción: La gestión del peso mediante dietas y pérdida rápida de peso (RWL) es fundamental en los deportes de combate con categorías de peso, pero puede incrementar el riesgo de conductas alimentarias desordenadas (DE). El perfeccionismo, frecuente entre atletas, puede tener efectos tanto adaptativos como desadaptativos y contribuir a la DE.

Objetivo: Examinar la relación entre DE, perfeccionismo y prácticas de gestión del peso en atletas de deportes de combate de golpeo y agarre.

Metodología: Cuarenta y seis atletas activos de kickboxing (n = 31; 42% mujeres) y jiu-jitsu brasileño (BJJ; n = 15; 27% mujeres) completaron el Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q 6.0) y la Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2 (Sport-MPS-2).

Resultados: Los kickboxers informaron competir 4.8 ± 5.5 kg por debajo de su peso habitual, mientras que los atletas de BJJ compitieron prácticamente al mismo peso. No se observaron diferencias entre grupos en las puntuaciones del EDE-Q o del Sport-MPS-2. En promedio, los atletas mostraron pocos síntomas de DE, aunque el 15% superó el punto de corte (2.3) del EDE-Q global. Tanto el perfeccionismo adaptativo como el desadaptativo se asociaron con distintas subescalas del EDE-Q, y el perfeccionismo adaptativo también se relacionó con la experiencia de entrenamiento y el nivel competitivo.

Discusión: Estos hallazgos sugieren que los atletas de deportes de combate están influidos por factores sociales y psicológicos en su aproximación a la gestión del peso, en línea con investigaciones previas que muestran efectos mixtos del perfeccionismo y el papel de entrenadores y compañeros.

Conclusiones: A pesar de los bajos niveles generales de DE, los atletas recurren con frecuencia a dietas y RWL, lo que subraya la necesidad de intervenciones educativas dirigidas tanto a entrenadores como a deportistas para promover prácticas de gestión del peso más seguras.

Referencias

Barley, O.R., Chapman, D.W., & Abbiss, C.R. (2018). Weight Loss Strategies in Combat Sports and Con-cerning Habits in Mixed Martial Arts. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performan-ce, 13 (7), 933-939. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0715

Barley, O.R., Chapman, D.W., & Abbiss, C.R. (2019). The Current State of Weight-Cutting in Combat Sports-Weight-Cutting in Combat Sports. Sports, 7 (5). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7050123

Berkovich, B.E., Eliakim, A., Nemet, D., Stark, A.H., & Sinai, T. (2016). Rapid Weight Loss Among Adoles-cents Participating In Competitive Judo. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 26 (3), 276-284. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0196

Blomqvist Mickelsson, T., Thylin, M., & Hansson, E. (2020). Self-Confidence and Disordered Eating amongst Martial Artists: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 11, 104436. https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.104436

Cadenas, E., Sretković, T., Perales, J., Petrovic, J., Sterkowicz-Przybycień, K., Batez, M., & Drid, P. (2016). Mental toughness and perfectionism in judo: Differences by achievement and age. The relation-ship between constructs. Archives of Budo, 12, 267-274.

Carter, J.C., Stewart, D.A., & Fairburn, C.G. (2001). Eating disorder examination questionnaire: norms for young adolescent girls. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39 (5), 625-632. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00033-4

Ciaccioni, S., Castro, O., Bahrami, F., Tomporowski, P.D., Capranica, L., Biddle, S.J.H., Vergeer, I., & Pesce, C. (2024). Martial arts, combat sports, and mental health in adults: A systematic review. Psy-chology of Sport and Exercise, 70, 102556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102556

Doherty, C.S., Fortington, L.V., & Barley, O.R. (2024). Prevalence of disordered eating and its relation-ship with rapid weight loss among male and female combat sport competitors: A prospective study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 27 (11), 745-752. https://doi.org10.1016/j.jsams.2024.06.007

Drid, P., Figlioli, F., Lakicevic, N., Gentile, A., Stajer, V., Raskovic, B., Vojvodic, N., Roklicer, R., Trivic, T., Tabakov, S., Eliseev, S., & Bianco, A. (2021). Patterns of rapid weight loss in elite sambo athletes. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 13 (1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00267-3

Fairburn, C.G., & Beglin, S.J. (2008). Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. In CG Fairburn (Ed.), Cognitive behavior therapy and eating disorders (pp. 309-313). Guilford Press.

Forsberg, S., & Lock, J. (2006). The relationship between perfectionism, eating disorders and athletes: a review. Minerva Pediatrics, 58 (6), 525-536.

Franchini, E., Brito, C.J., & Artioli, G.G. (2012). Weight loss in combat sports: physiological, psychologi-cal and performance effects. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9 (1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-52

Ghazzawi, H.A., Nimer, L.S., & Haddad, A.J., Alhaj, O.A., Amawi, A.T., Pandi-Perumal, S.R., Trabelsi, K., Seeman, M.V., & Jahrami, H. (2024). A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of the prevalence of self-reported disordered eating and associated factors among athletes worldwide. Journal of Eating Disorders, 12 (1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-00982-5

Gorrell, S., Nagata, J.M., Hill, K.B., Carlson, J.L., Shain, A.F., Wilson, J., Alix Timko, C., Hardy, K.K., Lock, J., & Peebles, R. (2021). Eating behavior and reasons for exercise among competitive collegiate male athletes. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 26 (1), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-019-00819-0

Gotwals, J.K., & Dunn, J.G.H. (2009). A Multi-Method Multi-Analytic Approach to Establishing Internal Construct Validity Evidence: The Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale 2. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 13 (2), 71-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/10913670902812663

Hopkinson, R.A., & Lock, J. (2004). Athletics, perfectionism, and disordered eating. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 9 (2), 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03325052

International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation. (2024). Rules book: General competition guidelines; Com-petition format manual (Version 6.1). IBJJF.

Lakicevic, N., Mani, D., Paoli, A., Roklicer, R., Bianco, A., & Drid, P. (2021). Weight cycling in combat sports: revisiting 25 years of scientific evidence. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilita-tion, 13 (1), 154. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00381-2

Leguizamo, F., Olmedilla, A., Núñez, A., Verdaguer, FJP, Gómez-Espejo, V., Ruiz-Barquín, R., & Garcia-Mas, A. (2020). Personality, Coping Strategies, and Mental Health in High-Performance Athletes During Confinement Derived From the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 561198. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.561198

Lise, R. S., Ordonhes, M. T., Capraro, A. M., & Cavichiolli, F. R. (2022). The challenge before the fight: a discussion on rapid weight loss in UFC Athletes (El desafío antes de la pelea: una discusión sobre la pérdida de peso rápida en los atletas de UFC). Retos, 44, 595-604. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v44i0.91280

Lydersen, S. (2020). Mean and standard deviation or median and quartiles? The Journal of the Norwe-gian Medical Association, 140 (9). https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.20.0032

Madigan, D.J., Stoeber, J., & Passfield, L. (2016). Perfectionism and changes in athlete burnout over three months: Interactive effects of personal standards and evaluative concerns perfectionism. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 26, 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.05.010

Mancine, R.P., Gusfa, D.W., Moshrefi, A., & Kennedy, S.F. (2020). Prevalence of disordered eating in ath-letes categorized by emphasis on leanness and activity type – a systematic review. Journal of Eating Disorders, 8 (1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00323-2

Maurício, C., Hugo Vieira Ribeiro Alves, V., Pereira Azevedo Teixeira, R., Ferreira Gonçalves, A., Pieran-tozzi, E., Cunha de Mello Pedreiro, R., & Miarka, B. (2025). Forms and symptoms of rapid weight loss in BJJ practitioners with and without nutritional counselling. Retos, 66, 530-538. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v66.110997

Mond, J.M., Hay, P.J., Rodgers, B., Owen, C., & Beumont, P.J.V. (2004). Validity of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) in screening for eating disorders in community samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42 (5), 551-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00161-X

Núñez, A., Peris-Delcampo, D., Ortiz-Marholz, P., & Garcia-Mas, A. (2025). The shield of health: relations of physical activity and psychological wellbeing. Retos, 71, 412–428. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v71.115757

Pettersson, S., Pipping Ekström, M., & Berg, CM (2012). The food and weight combat. A problematic fight for the elite combat sports athlete. Appetite, 59 (2), 234-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.05.007

Prnjak, K., Jukic, I., & Tufano, J. J. (2019). Perfectionism, body satisfaction and dieting in athletes: The role of gender and sport type. Sports, 7(8), 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7080181

Ricci, AA, Evans, C., Stull, C., Peacock, CA, French, DN, Stout, JR, Fukuda, DH, La Bounty, P., Kalman, D., Galpin, AJ, Tartar, J., Johnson, S., Kreider, RB, Kerksick, CM, Campbell, BI, Jeffery, A., Algieri, C., & Antonio, J. (2025). International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrition and weight cutting strategies for mixed martial arts and other combat sports. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 22 (1), 2467909. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2467909

Rouveix, M., Bouget, M., Pannafieux, C., Champely, S., & Filaire, E. (2007). Eating attitudes, body esteem, perfectionism and anxiety of judo athletes and nonathletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28 (4), 340-345. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-924334

Rø, O., Reas, D.L., & Lask, B. (2010). Norms for the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire among female university students in Norway. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 64 (6), 428-432. https://doi.org/10.3109/08039481003797235

St-Cyr, J., Gavrila, A., Tanguay-Sela, M., & Vallerand, RJ (2024). Perfectionism, disordered eating and well-being in aesthetic sports: The mediating role of passion. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 73 , 102648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102648

Stoeber, J. (2011). The dual nature of perfectionism in sports: relationships with emotion, motivation, and performance. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4 (2), 128-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2011.604789

Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Torstveit, M. K. (2010). Aspects of disordered eating continuum in elite high-intensity sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20 Suppl 2 , 112-121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01190.x

Umar, F., Sari, N.D., & Widodo, S. (2024). Correlation between hydration status and VO2max in Pencak Silat athletes. Retos, 61, 996-1003. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v61.107116

Zhong, Y., Song, Y., Artioli, GG, Gee, T.I., French, D.N., Zheng, H., Lyu, M., & Li, Y. (2024). The Practice of Weight Loss in Combat Sports Athletes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 16 (7). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071050

Descargas

Publicado

02-02-2026

Número

Sección

Artículos de carácter científico: investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas

Cómo citar

Sørheim, A. K., Sandgren, S. S., & Øvretveit, K. (2026). Dieta, trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y perfeccionismo en los deportes de combate con categorías de peso: un estudio piloto. Retos, 75, 773-781. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v75.117813