Activación muscular del hombro durante lo overhead squat: efectos de la dirección de resistencia elástica en la cadena cinética

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v76.117939

Palabras clave:

Hombro, electromiografía, músculos superficiales de la espalda, rehabilitación, entrenamiento de resistencia elástica

Resumen

Introducción: La sentadilla con barra sobre la cabeza es un movimiento complejo que involucra múltiples segmentos de la cadena cinética. Sin embargo, la interacción entre la actividad electromiográfica y la resistencia elástica en este contexto aún no se comprende del todo. 

Objetivo: Este estudio examinó cómo diferentes configuraciones de resistencia elástica influyen en la activación de los músculos del hombro y axiohumeral durante la sentadilla con barra sobre la cabeza. 

Metodología: Se utilizó electromiografía de superficie para registrar la actividad muscular en 19 participantes varones sanos, divididos en dos grupos de resistencia elástica, mientras realizaban la prueba de resistencia en tres condiciones de resistencia. Se aplicó un análisis estadístico no paramétrico. 

Resultados: Se observaron diferencias significativas en la activación muscular en las diferentes condiciones de resistencia en ambos grupos de resistencia elástica. Los niveles más altos de resistencia se asociaron con una mayor activación del deltoides anterior (AD), el trapecio superior (UT) y el dorsal ancho (LD). Las tasas de activación revelaron una menor dependencia de los músculos principales durante la elevación del brazo.

Discusión: La resistencia elástica modula eficazmente el reclutamiento muscular del hombro, mejorando en particular la estabilización escapular mediante una mayor activación del trapecio inferior y el serrato anterior. El dorsal ancho también contribuye al control del tronco y a la transferencia de energía a lo largo de la cadena cinética. 

Conclusiones: Los hallazgos respaldan la integración de la dirección y la magnitud de la resistencia en las estrategias de rehabilitación para optimizar el control neuromuscular en personas con disfunción del hombro.

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Publicado

14-01-2026

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Sección

Artículos de carácter científico: investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas

Cómo citar

Pacheco Salles, F. L., & Pascoal, A. G. (2026). Activación muscular del hombro durante lo overhead squat: efectos de la dirección de resistencia elástica en la cadena cinética. Retos, 76, 359-370. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v76.117939