Entrenamiento de fuerza multicomponente, cognición y calidad muscular en adultos mayores. Revisión sistemática y síntesis narrativa

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v79.118659

Palabras clave:

Ancianos, aptitud física, fuerza muscular, funciones cognitivas, revisión sistemática

Resumen

Introducción: El envejecimiento asocia descensos progresivos en funciones musculares y cognitivas. Aunque el ejercicio multicomponente se recomienda ampliamente, la contribución de la calidad muscular, más allá de la masa, a la cognición es una brecha crítica en la evidencia.

Objetivo: El objetivo fue revisar sistemáticamente y sintetizar los efectos de las intervenciones de ejercicio multicomponente basadas en la fuerza sobre la cognición e indicadores de calidad muscular en adultos mayores, destacando el papel del eje músculo-cerebro como factor explicativo central.

Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus y CINAHL Complete. Se incluyeron estudios clínicos que evaluaran intervenciones crónicas de ejercicio multicomponente con el entrenamiento de fuerza como componente central. Los resultados cognitivos incluyeron las funciones ejecutivas, mientras que los musculares enfatizaron la fuerza, la potencia y el rendimiento funcional como indicadores de calidad muscular. El riesgo de sesgo se evaluó mediante la herramienta RoB-2.

Resultados: Se incluyeron ocho ensayos controlados aleatorios. La mayoría de los estudios informaron mejoras en las funciones ejecutivas, particularmente en el control inhibitorio y la flexibilidad cognitiva, junto con ganancias concurrentes en la fuerza y potencia muscular. Las asociaciones con los resultados cognitivos fueron más consistentes para los indicadores de calidad muscular que para la masa muscular.

Discusión: Los hallazgos sugieren que las demandas neuromusculares desempeñan un papel relevante en la mediación de los beneficios cognitivos. Esto resalta que las adaptaciones funcionales pueden ser más determinantes para la salud cognitiva que los cambios cuantitativos en el volumen muscular.

Conclusiones: El ejercicio multicomponente basado en la fuerza favorece el funcionamiento ejecutivo, emergiendo la calidad muscular como un factor clave para el diseño de intervenciones clínicas más precisas.

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02-06-2026

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Revisiones teóricas sistemáticas y/o metaanálisis

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Jerez-Salas, F., Villouta-Gutiérrez, O., Luksic-Cataldo, V., & Pavez-Álvarez, C. (2026). Entrenamiento de fuerza multicomponente, cognición y calidad muscular en adultos mayores. Revisión sistemática y síntesis narrativa. Retos, 79, 78-92. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v79.118659