La carga óptima del entrenamiento de fuerza y sus efectos agudos sobre las tareas funcionales en adultos mayores

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v67.114504

Palabras clave:

Envejecimiento, Entrenamiento de Fuerza, Intensidad, Funcionalidad, Mobilidad, Independencia Fisica, Tensión Física

Resumen

Introducción: Optimizar las estrategias para contrarrestar la perdida típica de la movilidad asociada al envejecimiento y mejorar la calidad de vida es de suma importancia en las ciencias de la vida.  El entrenamiento de fuerza (EF) emerge como una herramienta importante para desarrollar la funcionalidad en la vejez. Sin embargo, se desconoce el rol que tienen las cargas en los efectos agudos del EF sobre la funcionalidad en adultos mayores. Objetivo: Identificar la carga optima del EF y sus efectos agudos sobre la funcionalidad en adultos mayores. Metodología: 35 adultos mayores (65-75 años) participaron voluntariamente en el estudio. Una repetición máxima (1RM) se estimó mediante los ejercicios de extensión de rodilla, flexión de rodilla acostado, sentadilla jaca y pantorrilla en prensa. Una vez por semana de modo aleatorizado, los participantes realizaron una sesión de EF con cargas del 40%-50%-60%-70%-80%1RM. La movilidad funcional fue evaluada mediante la prueba del Time Up and Go (TUG) al inicio, inmediatamente después (momento agudo) y 20 minutos después (momento subagudo) del EF. Resultados: Para el momento agudo los porcentajes del 40% y 50% 1RM arrojaron un mejor rendimiento conforme a las demás cargas (todo p=<0,001), en promedio de 5,8% y 6.8% respectivamente. Para el momento subagudo, el 40% y 50%1RM indicaron mejores tiempos cuando se compara con las demás cargas (todo p<0,001), mostrando un promedio de 20,76% de mejor rendimiento con esas cargas. Conclusiones: Las cargas del 40% y 50% del 1RM son óptimas para generar mejoras agudas en la movilidad funcional en adultos mayores.

Biografía del autor/a

Eimar Adrián Ruiz Corredor, UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS LLANOS

Licenciado en Educación Fisica y Deportes. Universidad de los Llanos - Co

 

Leonardo Mosquera Martínez, Universidad de los Llanos

Licenciado en Educacion Fisica y Deportes - Universidad de los Llanos- Villavicencio - Colombia

Diego Alejandro Rojas Jaimes, Universidad de los Llanos

Licenciado en Educación Física, Recreación y Deportes (Educación Física )Universidad de Pamplona: Pamplona, Norte de Santander, CO

Especialista en Entrenamiento Deportivo (Postgrados) Universidad de Pamplona: Pamplona, Norte de Santander, CO

Magister en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte (Postgrados) Universidad de Pamplona: Pamplona, Norte de Santander, CO

Doctor en Ciencias de la Motricidad por la Universidad Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho)

Paulo Cezar Rocha dos Santos, Weizmann Institute of Science

Paulo Cezar Rocha dos Santos is a postdoctoral researcher at the Weizmann Institute of Science in partnership with the Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation / Sheba Medical Center - through the Weizmann-IDOR Pioneer Science Fellowship Program. Paulo has a double PhD in Human Movement Science from the University Medical Center Groningen/University of Groningen and the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP). Master of Science in Human Movement Sciences and Bachelor in Physical Education from UNESP (2013 and 2009). Paulo is a member linked to the Posture and Locomotion Studies Laboratory (LEPLO) at UNESP and a researcher linked to multi-centrum projects in Brazil and abroad. He has experience in kinesiology, biomechanics, and aging, with emphases on motor control and neuroscience. He is currently involved in projects aimed at understanding neurological and behavioral adaptations of postural control and walking in healthy and pathological aging. In addition, he is part of projects focused on the benefit of physical exercise and additional therapies (such as non-invasive brain stimulation) on the posture and locomotion of patients with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and healthy older individuals.

Rubiel Antonio Barrera Izquierdo, Universidad de los Llanos

Licenciado en Educación Física y Deportes - Universidad de los Llanos - Co

MsC Ciencias y Tecnologias del Deporte, Universidad Manuela Beltran -Co

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Publicado

2025-05-12

Cómo citar

Ruiz Corredor, E. A., Mosquera Martínez, L., Rojas Jaimes, D. A., Rocha dos Santos, P. C., & Barrera Izquierdo, R. A. (2025). La carga óptima del entrenamiento de fuerza y sus efectos agudos sobre las tareas funcionales en adultos mayores. Retos, 67, 571–579. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v67.114504

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Artículos de carácter científico: investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas