Cross-cultural adaptation of the psychological performance inventory-alternative (PPI-A) for the Indonesian context
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.103765Keywords:
mental toughness, psychometric, validation, PPI-A, athleteAbstract
In Indonesia, studies on the theme of sports psychology, especially mental toughness, are experiencing an increasing trend. However, there are problems with the measuring instruments used. Therefore, this research aims to adapt and test the psychometric properties of the PPI-A in the Indonesian context. There were 331 young athletes (M = 218, F = 113) with a mean age of 17.9 years and a standard deviation of 2.09. Apart from the psychological performance inventory-alternative (PPI-A), the mental toughness index (MTI) was also used to collect data in this study. The data obtained were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the three models (single-factor model, four-factor model, and second-order model) proposed. The research results show that the second-order model is the best compared to the unidimensional model and four-factor model, as evidenced by the chi-square value = 47.934; df = 32; p = .002; CFI = .961; GFI = .969; TLI = .938; SRMR = .038; RMSEA = .057. Of the fourteen items in the PPI-A, nine items had very good loading factor (λ = .563 to .759; p < 0.001). The internal consistency reliability of the PPI-Aid is moderate (α = .74 to .77) while the reliability with convergent validity is in the small to moderate category (r = .16 to .35; p ≤ .01). Even though the reliability value is not high, it can be stated that PPI-Aid is a valid and reliable measuring tool in measuring aspects of mental toughness.
Keywords: mental toughness, psychometric, validation, PPI-A, athlete.
References
Adisasmito, L. S. (2007). Mental juara: modal atlet berprestasi. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
Akbar, A., Karim, Z. A., Zakaria, J., Suryanef, Cahyani, F. I., Rahman, M. A., … Mohamad, S. K. B. (2024). Understanding Mental Toughness in Student-Athletes: Insights from Sport Psychology. Retos, 54, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v54.102230
Azwar, S. (2013). Reliabilitas dan validitas. Yogyakrta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Bagozzi, R. P. (2010). Structural equation models are modelling tools with many ambiguities: Comments acknowledging the need for caution and humility in their use. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(2), 208–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2010.03.001
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
Budiman, I. A. (2015). Penerapan latihan relaksasi latihan konsentrasi dan laitihan visualisasi terhadap peningkatan mental atlet sepak bola Universitas Majalengka. Jurnal Educatio, 1(1), 40–62.
Cho, G., Hwang, H., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2020). Cutoff criteria for overall model fit indexes in generalized structured component analysis. Journal of Marketing Analytics, 8(4), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41270-020-00089-1
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A First Course in Factor Analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Giandra, S. N., & Setyawan, I. (2014). Hubungan antara efektivitas komunikasi interpersonal pelatih dengan ketangguhan mental atlet. Empati, 3(4), 558–569.
Golby, J., Sheard, M., & van Wersch, A. (2007). Evaluating the Factor Structure of the Psychological Performance Inventory. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 105(1), 309–325. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.1.309-325
Gucciardi, D. F. (2012). Measuring mental toughness in sport: A psychometric examination of the psychological performance inventory-A and its predecessor. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94(4), 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.660292
Gucciardi, D. F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. A. (2009). Development and preliminary validation of a mental toughness inventory for Australian football. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.07.011
Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2014). The Concept of Mental Toughness: Tests of Dimensionality, Nomological Network, and Traitness. Journal of Personality, 83(1), 26–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12079
Guntoro, T. S., Kurdi, & Putra, M. F. P. (2020). Karakter kepribadian atlet Papua: kajian menuju POPNAS ke-XV. Jurnal Sportif: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 6(1), 40–58. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v6i1.13638
Guntoro, T. S., & Putra, M. F. P. (2022). Athletes’ religiosity: How it plays a role in athletes’ anxiety and life satisfaction. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 78(1), a7802. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i1.7802
Guntoro, T. S., Sutoro, Putra, M. F. P., Kurdi, Németh, Z., & Setiawan, E. (2023). The role of anthropometry, physical, psychological and personality for elite athletes in competitive sports. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 27(4), 331–339. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2023.0409
Hambleton, R. K., & de Jong, J. H. A. L. (2003). Advances in translating and adapting educational and psychological tests. Language Testing, 20(2), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1191/0265532203lt247xx
ITC. (2017). ITC Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests (Second Edition). International Journal of Testing, 15305058. https://doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2017.1398166
Kerlinger, F. N. (2006). Asas-asas penelitian behavioral. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada Univeristy Press.
Kogoya, K., Guntoro, T. S., & Putra, M. F. P. (2022). Sports Event Image, Satisfaction, Motivation, Stadium Atmosphere, Environment, and Perception: A Study on the Biggest Multi-Sport Event in Indonesia during the Pandemic. Social Sciences, 11(6), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11060241
Loehr, J. E. (1986). Mental Toughness Trainning For Sport. New York: Stephen Greene Press.
Mack, M. G., & Ragan, B. G. (2008). Development of the mental, emotional, and bodily toughness inventory in collegiate athletes and nonathletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(2), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.2.125
Masrun. (2016). Pengaruh Mental Toughness dan Motivasi Berprestasi Terhadap Prestasi Olahraga Atlet PPLP Sumbar. Jurnal Performa Olahraga, 1(1), 1–11.
Middleton, S. C., Marsh, H. W., Martin, A. J., Richards, G. E., Savis, J., Perry, C., & Brown, R. (2004). The psychological performance inventory: Is the mental toughness test tough enough? International Journal of Sport Psychology, 35(2), 91–108.
Nasution, Y. (2009). Laithan mental bagi atlet pelajar. Jakarta: Pusat Pengembangan Kualitas Jasmani, Sekjen, Depdiknas.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Periyadi, A. (2016). Hubungan Motivasi, Agresivitas, Dan Mental Terhadap Prestasi Olahraga Beladiri Taekwondo Pada Atlet Kyoreugi. Revolusi Mental Mewujudkan Tenaga Pendidikan Yang Profesional Dalam Menyiapkan Generai Emas Indonesia, 2050–2064. Palembang: Universitas PGRI Palembang.
Putra, M. F. P., & Guntoro, T. S. (2022). Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2R (CSAI-2R): Adapting and Validating Its Indonesian Version. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 10(3), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2022.100305
Putra, M. F. P., Guntoro, T. S., Wandik, Y., Ita, S., Sinaga, E., Hidayat, R. R., … Rahayu, A. S. (2021). Psychometric properties at Indonesian version of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2: Testing on elite athletes of Papua, Indonesian. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(6), 1477–1485. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090645
Putra, M. F. P., Kurdi, Syahruddin, S., Hasibuan, S., Sinulingga, A., Kamaruddin, I., … Ridwan, M. (2024). An Indonesian Version of Mental Toughness Index: Testing Psychometric Properties in Athletes and Non-athletes. Retos, 55, 816–824. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v55.106086
Putra, M. F. P., Sutoro, & Sinaga, E. (2023). Mental atlet: Konstruk, pengukuran, dan arah penelitian ke depan. MULTILATERAL: Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Olahraga, 22(1), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.20527/multilateral.v22i1.14785
Raynadi, F. B., Rachmah, D. N., & Akbar, S. N. (2017). Hubungan ketangguhan mental dengan kecemasan bertanding pada atlet pencak silat di Banjarbaru. Jurnal Ecopsy, 3(3), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.20527/ecopsy.v3i3.2665
Said, H., & Jannah, M. (2018). Penentu Kemenangan: Problematika dan solusi mental dalam olahraga. Surabaya: Unesa University Press.
Setiawan, E., Patah, I. A., Baptista, C., Winarno, M. ., Sabino, B., & Amalia, E. F. (2020). Self-efficacy dan mental toughness: Apakah faktor psikologis berkorelasi dengan performa atlet? Jurnal Keolahragaan, 8(2), 158–165. https://doi.org/10.21831/jk.v8i2.33551
Sutoro, Guntoro, T. S., & Putra, M. F. P. (2023). Development and validation mental training model: Mental Toughness Training Circle (MTTC). F1000Reserach, 12(169), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129010.1
Taber, K. S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165–178.
Wandik, Y., Dina, Guntoro, T. S., Sutoro, Wambrauw, O. O. O., Abidjulu, C. F., … Putra, M. F. P. (2024). Interrelation of mental toughness, religiosity, and happiness of elite adolescent athletes based on gender, type of sport, and level of education. Retos, 57, 1–12.
Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2015). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology (6th ed.). Champaign, IL 61825: Human Kinetics Publisher, Inc.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Retos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.
