Resisted Sprint Training Impact on Sprint Performance across Distances
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v67.111665Keywords:
Athletic Performance, Resistance Training, Biomechanics, Exercise Physiology, Sports TrainingAbstract
Esta revisión sistemática y metanálisis evaluaron el impacto de los protocolos de entrenamiento de sprints resistidos (RST, por sus siglas en inglés) utilizando trineos y chalecos lastrados en el rendimiento de sprints de 5, 10, 20 y 30 metros. El estudio siguió las directrices PRISMA, con búsquedas de literatura realizadas en 16 bases de datos electrónicas, incluyendo PubMed y Web of Science, en abril de 2023. Los términos de búsqueda se derivaron de Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) e incluyeron "entrenamiento de sprint con trineo", "entrenamiento de sprint resistido" y "entrenamiento de trineo pesado". Los criterios de inclusión abarcaron ensayos clínicos aleatorios con protocolos de intervención pre-post de al menos cuatro semanas, dirigidos a atletas y no atletas en deportes de campo, cancha y pista. Se excluyeron artículos que utilizaban bandas elásticas o paracaídas, o que carecían de datos detallados sobre carga o cronometraje. De 311 artículos identificados, 8 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. El metanálisis destacó mejoras significativas en el rendimiento de los sprints, particularmente para los protocolos que emplearon trineos, aplicación de fuerza horizontal y cargas de 7,5%-15% del peso corporal. Las mejoras fueron consistentes en las distancias de 5 y 30 metros, mientras que la etapa de maduración influyó en los resultados de atletas más jóvenes. A pesar de los hallazgos positivos, persisten brechas en la estandarización de las clasificaciones de carga y el análisis comparativo entre protocolos con trineos y chalecos lastrados. Esta revisión subraya la importancia de intervenciones RST personalizadas para optimizar el rendimiento de los sprints en diversas poblaciones deportivas.
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