Efectos del HIIT frente a MICT sobre la función cardiorrespiratoria y metabólica en poblaciones clínicas: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v72.116933Palabras clave:
Entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad, entrenamiento continuo de intensidad moderada, capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, parámetros metabólicosResumen
Introducción: El entrenamiento físico estructurado es una herramienta clave en la prevención de enfermedades cardiometabólicas. Dos métodos frecuentes, HIIT (entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad) y MICT (entrenamiento continuo de intensidad moderada), han mostrado beneficios, pero su eficacia comparativa sigue siendo motivo de análisis.
Objetivo: Comparar los efectos de HIIT frente a MICT sobre VO₂max, presión arterial y perfil lipídico en sujetos con riesgo cardiovascular y metabólico, considerando su aplicabilidad en diversas poblaciones clínicas.
Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en cinco bases de datos. Se incluyeron 8 ensayos controlados aleatorizados (n = 242). Se evaluó riesgo de sesgo (RoB 2) y la certeza de la evidencia (GRADE). Se aplicaron modelos de efectos fijos.
Resultados: El HIIT mostró mayor efectividad que MICT en todas las variables. VO₂max mejoró +1.57 ml/kg/min (IC 95%: 1.02–2.12; p<0.001). La presión sistólica se redujo −4.30 mmHg y la diastólica −2.60 mmHg. El perfil lipídico mejoró: colesterol total −6.70 mg/dL, LDL −6.60 mg/dL, triglicéridos −8.70 mg/dL y HDL +2.90 mg/dL La heterogeneidad fue baja (I²<35%) y la certeza de la evidencia fue alta.
Conclusiones: El HIIT es más eficaz que el MICT para mejorar la salud cardiovascular y metabólica, con efectos consistentes en distintas edades y condiciones clínicas.
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Derechos de autor 2025 David Ismael Ergas Schleef, Soraya Jadue Arriaza, Yoselyn Yudith Reyes Sanchez, Rocio Beatriz Bustos Barahona, Mauro Ernesto Tauda Tauda
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