Análisis biomecánico del ejercicio de flexión de brazos en estudiantes-atletas universitarios varones de diferentes especializaciones: un estudio comparativo basado en el deporte

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v75.118076

Palabras clave:

Biomecánica de las flexiones, especialización deportiva , adaptación neuromuscular, electromiografía (EMG), análisis cinemático y cinético

Resumen

Introducción: El entrenamiento específico para cada deporte puede moldear las estrategias neuromusculares utilizadas en movimientos fundamentales como las flexiones.

Objetivo: Comparar las características cinemáticas, cinéticas y electromiográficas de las flexiones en atletas de gimnasia, natación, atletismo y baloncesto.

Metodología: Ochenta atletas universitarios masculinos realizaron flexiones estandarizadas mientras la captura de movimiento tridimensional, plataformas de fuerza dual y electromiografía de superficie registraban el movimiento, la fuerza y ​​los patrones de activación muscular. Las diferencias entre los grupos se examinaron mediante análisis de varianza multivariados y univariados, con tamaños del efecto reportados para cuantificar la relevancia práctica (α = 0,05).

Resultados: Los gimnastas mostraron una mayor estabilidad del tronco y una alta coactivación; los nadadores exhibieron una mayor movilidad del hombro, pero una menor estabilidad del core; y los velocistas y jugadores de baloncesto demostraron mayores tasas de desarrollo de fuerza y ​​ritmos concéntricos más rápidos.

Discusión: Las distintas características biomecánicas reflejaron adaptaciones neuromusculares específicas del deporte. Conclusión: La ejecución de flexiones revela estrategias subyacentes de control motor impulsadas por la especialización, lo que ofrece aplicaciones valiosas para el entrenamiento individualizado, el análisis del rendimiento y la prevención de lesiones.

Referencias

Alcan, V., & Zinnuroğlu, M. (2023). Current developments in surface electromyography. Turkish journal of medical sciences, 53(5), 1019-1031. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0144.5667

Aquino, M., Petrizzo, J., Otto, R. M., & Wygand, J. (2022). The impact of fatigue on performance and biomechanical variables—A narrative review with prospective methodology. Biomechanics, 2(4), 513-524. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics2040040

Aalto, A. (2020). Effect of ten weeks maximal eccentric and concentric resistance training on muscle force in physically active young men in isokinetic bench press. https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202006154168

Bedo, B., Cesar, G., Andrade, V., Moura, F. A., Vieira, L. H. P., Aquino, R., ... & Santiago, P. R. P. (2022). Landing mechanics of basketball and volleyball athletes: a kinematic approach. Human Move-ment, 23(1), 80-88. https://doi.org/10.5114/hm.2021.104189

Bruce, O. L., Ramsay, M., Kennedy, G., & Edwards, W. B. (2023). Lower-limb joint kinetics in jump rope skills performed by competitive athletes. Sports Biomechanics, 22(11), 1398-1411. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2020.1801823

Chiu, L. Z. (2018). Biomechanical methods to quantify muscle effort during resistance exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(2), 502-513. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002330

Dai, J., Ding, Y., & Dai, Z. (2025). Influence of trunk strength on sprint performance in swimmers: a cross-sectional analysis of torque-velocity relationships. Frontiers in Physiology, 16, 1625283. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1625283

Dhahbi, W., Chaabene, H., Chaouachi, A., Padulo, J., Behm, D. G., Cochrane, J., ... & Chamari, K. (2022). Kinetic analysis of push-up exercises: a systematic review with practical recommendations. Sports biomechanics. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2018.1512149

Giancotti, G. F., Fusco, A., Varalda, C., Capranica, L., & Cortis, C. (2018). Biomechanical analysis of sus-pension training push-up. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(3), 602-609. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002035

Glazier, P. S., & Mehdizadeh, S. (2019). Challenging conventional paradigms in applied sports biome-chanics research. Sports Medicine, 49(2), 171-176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-1030-1

Gouvali, M. K., & Boudolos, K. (2005). Dynamic and electromyographical analysis in variants of push-up exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(1), 146-151.

Hart, E., Bauer, A. S., & Bae, D. S. (2024). Common upper extremity gymnastics injuries and gymnastic specific return to play protocols. Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America, 6, 100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jposna.2024.100016

Jeffries, A. C., Marcora, S. M., Coutts, A. J., Wallace, L., McCall, A., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2022). Develop-ment of a revised conceptual framework of physical training for use in research and practice. Sports Medicine, 52(4), 709-724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01551-5

Kowalski, K. L., Connelly, D. M., Jakobi, J. M., & Sadi, J. (2022). Shoulder electromyography activity dur-ing push-up variations: a scoping review. Shoulder & elbow, 14(3), 325-339. https://doi.org/10.1177/17585732211019373

Mendez-Rebolledo, G., Olcese-Farias, Y., & Brown-Villegas, D. (2022). Balance control in artistic gym-nasts and its comparison under three training methods: a pilot trial. Human Movement, 23(2), 56-64. https://doi.org/10.5114/hm.2021.106167

Niu, Z., Lu, K., Xue, J., Qin, X., Wang, J., & Shao, L. (2024). From methods to applications: A review of deep 3d human motion capture. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technol-ogy, 34(11), 11340-11359. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSVT.2024.3423411

Noakes, T. D. (2011). Time to move beyond a brainless exercise physiology: the evidence for complex regulation of human exercise performance. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism, 36(1), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.1139/H10-082

Powell, C., Jensen, J., & Johnson, S. (2018). Functional performance measures used for return-to-sport criteria in youth following lower-extremity injury. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 27(6), 581-590. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0061

Prokopy, M. P., Ingersoll, C. D., Nordenschild, E., Katch, F. I., Gaesser, G. A., & Weltman, A. (2008). Closed-kinetic chain upper-body training improves throwing performance of NCAA Division I softball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(6), 1790-1798. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318185f637

Strang, A. J., Berg, W. P., & Hieronymus, M. (2009). Fatigue-induced early onset of anticipatory postural adjustments in non-fatigued muscles: support for a centrally mediated adaptation. Experi-mental brain research, 197(3), 245-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-009-1908-0

Struyf, F., Tate, A., Kuppens, K., Feijen, S., & Michener, L. A. (2017). Musculoskeletal dysfunctions associ-ated with swimmers’ shoulder. British journal of sports medicine, 51(10), 775-780. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096847

Suchomel, T. J., Nimphius, S., & Stone, M. H. (2016). The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports medicine, 46(10), 1419-1449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0486-0

Wang, Q. (2012). Individualized medicine, health medicine, and constitutional theory in Chinese medi-cine. Frontiers of Medicine, 6(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-012-0173-y

Yazdani, S., & Mirghaffari, Z. (2024). Effect of Core Stability Exercises on Shoulder Pain, Muscle Strength, and Range of Motion in Female Swimmers With Shoulder Impingement Syndrome. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 12(6), 1150-1161. https://doi.org/10.32598/SJRM.12.6.13

Yesılyaprak, S. S., Türksan, H. E., & Karabay, D. (2022). Effects of a progressive rehabilitation program on shoulder internal rotation range of motion, acromiohumeral distance, and pain in an adoles-cent female swimmer with subacromial pain (impingement) syndrome. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 5(1), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1041097

Yilli, S., & Turgut, E. (2025). Competitive swimming and shoulder adaptations: The role of stroke spe-cialty in adolescent swimmers. Physical Therapy in Sport, 74, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2025.04.008

Zemková, E., & Zapletalová, L. (2022). The role of neuromuscular control of postural and core stability in functional movement and athlete performance. Frontiers in physiology, 13, 796097. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.796097

Zhang, Z., Chen, L., Qin, Z., He, J., Gao, C., Sun, J., ... & Li, D. (2024). Effects of functional correction train-ing on movement patterns and physical fitness in male college students. PeerJ, 12, e16878. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16878

Descargas

Publicado

02-02-2026

Número

Sección

Artículos de carácter científico: investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas

Cómo citar

Wu, R., & Choosakul, C. (2026). Análisis biomecánico del ejercicio de flexión de brazos en estudiantes-atletas universitarios varones de diferentes especializaciones: un estudio comparativo basado en el deporte. Retos, 75, 557-571. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v75.118076