Mecanismos neurofisiológicos que median la relación entre la actividad física y el desempeño cognitivo en jóvenes: una revisión sistemática

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v77.118422

Palabras clave:

Actividad física, Biomarcadores, desempeño cognitivo , jóvenes, neurofisiología.

Resumen

Introducción: A pesar de que la evidencia científica ha vinculado recientemente la práctica de actividad física con un alto grado de mejora de los indicadores cognitivos en niños, aún existe una incertidumbre sobre los mecanismos neurofisiológicos que subyacen a esta relación.

Objetivo: Ofrecer una visión integral de la evidencia reciente sobre los mecanismos neurofisiológicos y estructurales que median la relación entre la práctica de actividad física y los indicadores cognitivos en personas de 6 a 18 años.

Método: Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos publicados entre 2017 y marzo de 2025 en las bases de datos Scopus, WOS, Pub-Med y ERIC. Reúne a un equipo de investigación gestionado por pares en Rayyan y sigue las recomendaciones PRISMA y la aplicación de criterios específicos, incluyendo 26 estudios de alta calidad metodológica.

Resultados: Se clasifican en tres rutas interconectadas. 1. Molecular: El BDNF periférico presenta respuestas heterogéneas y parece depender de intensidades y perfiles genéticos específicos. 2. Funcional: La actividad física vigorosa y coordinada mejora la oxigenación prefrontal y aumenta la eficiencia de las señales cerebrales (P300), facilitando el control inhibitorio. 3. Estructural: Tiene un efecto restaurador en niños con sobrepeso, ya que el ejercicio demuestra la eliminación de la sustancia blanca afectada por la inflamación derivada del sobrepeso.

Conclusiones: El fortalecimiento de los indicadores cognitivos no responde a un único mecanismo, sino a una serie de adaptaciones neurofisiológicas, eficiencia de la red y cambios morfológicos. Esto sugiere un cambio de paradigma en la prescripción personalizada de ejercicio, donde la demanda cognitiva y la individualidad son determinantes de las respuestas neurofisiológicas.

Referencias

Adelantado-Renau, M., Esteban-Cornejo, I., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Plaza-Florido, A., Rodriguez-Ayllon, M., Maldonado, J., Victoria Escolano-Margarit, M., Gómez Vida, J., Catena, A., Erickson, K. I., & Orte-ga, F. B. (2022). Neurotrophic factors and brain health in children with overweight and obesity: The role of cardiorespiratory fitness. European Journal of Sport Science, 23(4), 637–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2044912

Aguayo, B. B., Román, P. Á. L., Sánchez, J. S., & Vallejo, A. P. (2022). Effect of physical activity and fit-ness on executive functions and academic performance in children of elementary school. A systematic review. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 17(51), 85–103. https://doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v17i51.1699

Alghadir, A. H., Gabr, S. A., & Iqbal, Z. A. (2020). Effect of gender, physical activity and stress-related hormones on adolescent’s academic achievements. International Journal of Environmental Re-search and Public Health, 17(11), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114143

Alvarado-Melo, J., León-Ariza, H., & Ladino, E. (2024). Physical activity in students and its association with attention. A systematic review. Retos. Nuevas Tendencias En Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 56, 834–845. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.102537

Amin, H. U., Malik, A. S., Kamel, N., Chooi, W. T., & Hussain, M. (2015). P300 correlates with learning & memory abilities and fluid intelligence. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 12(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-015-0077-6

Barker, T. H., Stone, J. C., Sears, K., Klugar, M., Tufanaru, C., Leonardi-Bee, J., Aromataris, E., & Munn, Z. (2023). The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for randomized controlled trials. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 21(3), 494–506. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-22-00430

Caamaño-Navarrete, F., Arriagada-Hernández, C., Sandoval-Obando, E., Lagos-Hernández, R., Delgado-Floody, P., & Fuentes-Vilugrón, G. (2025). Pausas activas y funciones cognitivas en el contexto escolar. Una revisión sistemática. Retos. Nuevas Tendencias En Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 74, 423–438. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v74.117320

Cadenas-Sánchez, C., Migueles, J. H., Verdejo-Román, J., Erickson, K. I., Esteban-Cornejo, I., Catena, A., & Ortega, F. B. (2023). Physical activity, sedentary time, and fitness in relation to brain shapes in children with overweight/obesity: Links to intelligence. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 33(3), 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14263

Chaddock-Heyman, L., Weng, T. B., Loui, P., Kienzler, C., Weisshappel, R., Drollette, E. S., Raine, L. B., Westfall, D., Kao, S. C., Pindus, D. M., Baniqued, P., Castelli, D. M., Hillman, C. H., & Kramer, A. F. (2021). Brain network modularity predicts changes in cortical thickness in children involved in a physical activity intervention. Psychophysiology, 58(10), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13890

de Bruijn, A. G. M., van der Fels, I. M. J., Renken, R. J., Königs, M., Meijer, A., Oosterlaan, J., Kostons, D. D. N. M., Visscher, C., Bosker, R. J., Smith, J., & Hartman, E. (2021). Differential effects of long-term aerobic versus cognitively-engaging physical activity on children’s visuospatial working memory related brain activation: A cluster RCT. Brain and Cognition, 155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105812

Diaz-Castro, J., Garcia-Vega, J. E., Ochoa, J. J., Puche-Juarez, M., Toledano, J. M., & Moreno-Fernandez, J. (2021). Implementation of a Physical Activity Program Protocol in Schoolchildren: Effects on the Endocrine Adipose Tissue and Cognitive Functions. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.761213

Drollette, E. S., Pasupathi, P. A., Slutsky-Ganesh, A. B., & Etnier, J. L. (2024). Take a Break for Memory Sake! Effects of Short Physical Activity Breaks on Inhibitory Control, Episodic Memory, and Event-Related Potentials in Children. Brain Sciences, 14(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070626

Erickson, K. I., Hillman, C. H., & Kramer, A. F. (2015). Physical activity, brain, and cognition. In Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences (Vol. 4, pp. 27–32). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.01.005

Erickson, K. I., Hillman, C., Stillman, C. M., Ballard, R. M., Bloodgood, B., Conroy, D. E., Macko, R., Marquez, D. X., Petruzzello, S. J., & Powell, K. E. (2019). Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Outcomes: A Review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines. In Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (Vol. 51, Number 6, pp. 1242–1251). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001936

Esteban-Cornejo, I., Rodriguez-Ayllon, M., Verdejo-Roman, J., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Chaddock-Heyman, L., Raine, L. B., Stillman, C. M., Kramer, A. F., Erickson, K. I., Catena, A., Orte-ga, F. B., & Hillman, C. H. (2019). Physical fitness, white matter volume and academic perfor-mance in children: Findings from the activebrains and FITKids2 projects. Frontiers in Psychol-ogy, 10(FEB). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00208

Esteban-Cornejo, I., Stillman, C. M., Rodriguez-Ayllon, M., Kramer, A. F., Hillman, C. H., Catena, A., Erick-son, K. I., & Ortega, F. B. (2021). Physical fitness, hippocampal functional connectivity and aca-demic performance in children with overweight/obesity: The ActiveBrains project. Brain, Be-havior, and Immunity, 91, 284–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.10.006

Esvald, E. E., Tuvikene, J., Kiir, C. S., Avarlaid, A., Tamberg, L., Sirp, A., Shubina, A., Cabrera-Cabrera, F., Pihlak, A., Koppel, I., Palm, K., & Timmusk, T. (2023). Revisiting the expression of BDNF and its receptors in mammalian development. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2023.1182499

García Cantó, E., Rosa Guillamón, A., José Carrillo López Ministerio De Educación, P., Deporte, C. Y., & José Pérez-Soto, J. (2021). Relación entre condiciones físicas y atención cognitiva de los niños de educación primaria. Revista Digital de Educación Física, 70, 95–113. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353038200

Haapala, E. A., Lubans, D. R., Jaakkola, T., Barker, A. R., Plaza-Florido, A., Gracia-Marco, L., Solis-Urra, P., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Esteban-Cornejo, I., & Ortega, F. B. (2024). Which indices of cardiorespira-tory fitness are more strongly associated with brain health in children with over-weight/obesity? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14549

Kjellenberg, K., Ekblom, Tarassova, O., Fernström, M., Nyberg, G., Ekblom, M. M., Helgadóttir, B., & Hei-land, E. G. (2024). Short, frequent physical activity breaks improve working memory while preserving cerebral blood flow in adolescents during prolonged sitting - AbbaH teen, a random-ized crossover trial. BMC Public Health, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19306-y

Knatauskaitė, J., Pukėnas, K., Trinkūnienė, L., & Budde, H. (2021). A randomized controlled trial on the influence of two types of exercise training vs control on visuospatial processing and mathe-matical skills: The role of cortisol. Physiology and Behavior, 229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113213

Laínez Villao, M. D., Cevallos Suarez, A. P., Vera Rodríguez, B. E., & Alcivar Ponce, J. L. (2025). Deporte, recreación e inteligencia emocional: un estudio bibliométrico sobre su relación con el rendi-miento académico (2000–2024). Retos. Nuevas Tendencias En Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 72, 1186–1195. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v73.117603

Latomme, J., Calders, P., Waelvelde, H. Van, Mariën, T., & De Craemer, M. (2022). The Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in the Relation between Physical Activity and Executive Functioning in Children. Children, 9(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050596

Lind, R. R., Beck, M. M., Wikman, J., Malarski, K., Krustrup, P., Lundbye-Jensen, J., & Geertsen, S. S. (2019). Acute high-intensity football games can improve children’s inhibitory control and neu-rophysiological measures of attention. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 29(10), 1546–1562. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13485

Liu, L., Xin, X., & Zhang, Y. (2025). The effects of physical exercise on cognitive function in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1556721

Ludyga, S., Koutsandréou, F., Reuter, E. M., Voelcker-Rehage, C., & Budde, H. (2019). A randomized con-trolled trial on the effects of aerobic and coordinative training on neural correlates of inhibito-ry control in children. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020184

Mazzoli, E., Salmon, J., Teo, W. P., Pesce, C., He, J., Ben-Soussan, T. D., & Barnett, L. M. (2021). Breaking up classroom sitting time with cognitively engaging physical activity: Behavioural and brain responses. PLoS ONE, 16(7 July). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253733

Mazzoli, E., Teo, W. P., Salmon, J., Pesce, C., He, J., Ben-Soussan, T. D., & Barnett, L. M. (2019). Associa-tions of class-time sitting, stepping and sit-to-stand transitions with cognitive functions and brain activity in children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091482

Meijer, A., Königs, M., Pouwels, P. J. W., Smith, J., Visscher, C., Bosker, R. J., Hartman, E., & Oosterlaan, J. (2022). Effects of aerobic versus cognitively demanding exercise interventions on brain struc-ture and function in healthy children—Results from a cluster randomized controlled trial. Psychophysiology, 59(8), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14034

Mora-González, J., Esteban-Cornejo, I., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Migueles, J. H., Rodriguez-Ayllon, M., Moli-na-García, P., Hillman, C. H., Catena, A., Pontifex, M. B., & Ortega, F. B. (2019). Fitness, physical activity, working memory, and neuroelectric activity in children with overweight/obesity. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 29(9), 1352–1363. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13456

Mora-González, J., Esteban-Cornejo, I., Migueles, J. H., Rodriguez-Ayllon, M., Molina-Garcia, P., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Solis-Urra, P., Plaza-Florido, A., Kramer, A. F., Erickson, K. I., Hillman, C. H., Catena, A., & Ortega, F. B. (2021). Physical fitness and brain source localization during a working memory task in children with overweight/obesity: The ActiveBrains project. Developmental Science, 24(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13048

Mora-González, J., Esteban-Cornejo, I., Solis-Urra, P., Migueles, J. H., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Molina-Garcia, P., Rodriguez-Ayllon, M., Hillman, C. H., Catena, A., Pontifex, M. B., & Ortega, F. B. (2020). Fitness, physical activity, sedentary time, inhibitory control, and neuroelectric activity in children with overweight or obesity: The ActiveBrains project. Psychophysiology, 57(6), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13579

Moreau, D., Kirk, I. J., & Waldie, K. E. (2017). High-intensity training enhances executive function in children in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. ELife, 6. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25062

Munn, Z., MClinSc, S. M., Lisy, K., Riitano, D., & Tufanaru, C. (2015). Methodological guidance for sys-tematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 13(3), 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000054

Ortega, F. B., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Esteban-Cornejo, I., Migueles, J. H., Solis-Urra, P., Verdejo-Román, J., Rodriguez-Ayllon, M., Molina-Garcia, P., Ruiz, J. R., Martinez-Vizcaino, V., Hillman, C. H., Erickson, K. I., Kramer, A. F., Labayen, I., & Catena, A. (2022). Effects of an Exer-cise Program on Brain Health Outcomes for Children With Overweight or Obesity: The Active-Brains Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open, 5(8), e2227893. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.27893

Ouzzani, M., Hammady, H., Fedorowicz, Z., & Elmagarmid, A. (2016). Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4

Oviedo, C. P., & Soria Viteri, J. (2015). Pregunta de investigación y estrategia PICOT. Revista Medicina, 19(1), 66–69. https://doi.org/10.23878/medicina.v19i1.647

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetz-laff, J. M., Akl, E. A., & Brennan, S. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 372, n71., 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Papasideris, M., Ayaz, H., Safati, A. B., Morita, P. P., & Hall, P. A. (2021). Examining the relationships among adolescent health behaviours, prefrontal function, and academic achievement using fNIRS. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100983

Pizá-Mir, B., Benito, B., Rodríguez, L., & González, F. (2022). Physical exercise based on active breaks on cognitive function and mathematical competence in undergraduate students. Retos. Nuevas Tendencias En Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 45, 970–977. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v45i0.92669

Plaza-Florido, A., Esteban-Cornejo, I., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Torres-Lopez, L. V., Osuna-Prieto, F. J., Gil-Cosano, J. J., Radom-Aizik, S., Labayen, I., Ruiz, J. R., Altmäe, S., & Ortega, F. B. (2023). Gene–exercise interaction on brain health in children with overweight/obesity: the ActiveBrains ran-domized controlled trial. Journal of Applied Physiology, 135(4), 775–785. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00435.2023

Pulido, R. O., & Ramírez, M. L. (2020). Actividad física, cognición y rendimiento escolar: una breve re-visión desde las neurociencias. Retos. Nuevas Tendencias En Educación Física, Deporte y Re-creación, 38, 868–878. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v38i38.72378

Singh, B., Bennett, H., Miatke, A., Dumuid, D., Curtis, R., Ferguson, T., Brinsley, J., Szeto, K., Petersen, J. M., Gough, C., Eglitis, E., Simpson, C. E. M., Ekegren, C. L., Smith, A. E., Erickson, K. I., & Maher, C. (2025). Effectiveness of exercise for improving cognition, memory and executive function: A systematic umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis. In British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 59, Number 12, pp. 866–876). BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108589

Tri Kaloka, P., Nopembri, S., & Elumalai, G. (2024). Improvement of Executive Function Through Cog-nitively Challenging Physical Activity with Nonlinear Pedagogy In Elementary Schools. Retos. Nuevas Tendencias En Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 51, 673–682. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v51.101024

Uji, M., & Tamaki, M. (2023). Sleep, learning, and memory in human research using noninvasive neu-roimaging techniques. Neuroscience Research, 189, 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2022.12.013

Vásquez, E., Mayanza, O., Morejón, S., & Barcia, A. (2025). Impacto de las actividades físico-deportivas en las funciones ejecutivas en estudiantes de Educación General Básica en Milagro. Retos. Nue-vas Tendencias En Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 68, 838–850. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v68.115383

Wang, C. C., Kuo, J. R., Chen, Y. C., Chio, C. C., Wang, J. J., & Lin, B. S. (2016). Brain tissue oxygen evalua-tion by wireless near-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Surgical Research, 200(2), 669–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2015.10.005

Williams, R. A., Cooper, S. B., Dring, K. J., Hatch, L., Morris, J. G., Sunderland, C., & Nevill, M. E. (2020). Effect of football activity and physical fitness on information processing, inhibitory control and working memory in adolescents. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09484-w

Descargas

Publicado

04-02-2026

Número

Sección

Revisiones teóricas sistemáticas y/o metaanálisis

Cómo citar

Alvarado Melo, J., León Ariza, H., Figueroa Palacios, A., Rosa Guillamon, A., & Garcia Canto, E. (2026). Mecanismos neurofisiológicos que median la relación entre la actividad física y el desempeño cognitivo en jóvenes: una revisión sistemática. Retos, 77, 458-474. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v77.118422