Artículo RETRACTADO por malas prácticas, manipulación de los autores Presión, estrategias de afrontamiento y preparación psicológica en competiciones deportivas universitarias
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v77.118629Palabras clave:
Presión competitiva, estrategias de afrontamiento, ansiedad por el rendimiento, preparación psicológicaResumen
Introducción: Los atletas universitarios experimentaron una presión psicológica considerable debido a las exigencias simultáneas del deporte competitivo y las responsabilidades académicas, mientras que la preparación psicológica sistemática fue limitada dentro de los programas deportivos universitarios.
Objetivos: El estudio buscó examinar la estructura multidimensional de la presión competitiva, evaluar la efectividad de una intervención periodizada de preparación psicológica y validar un índice compuesto de monitoreo de la carga psicológica en atletas universitarios.
Métodos: Se empleó un diseño cuasiexperimental longitudinal a lo largo de dos temporadas competitivas. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 312 atletas universitarios de veintiocho disciplinas deportivas. Se recopilaron medidas psicológicas, fisiológicas y de rendimiento repetidas antes, durante y después de un programa multimodal de preparación psicológica de dieciséis semanas. Los datos se analizaron mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio y modelado multinivel para evaluar la validez estructural, los efectos de la intervención y los factores individuales moderadores. Resultados: El análisis factorial confirmatorio respaldó un modelo trifactorial de presión competitiva, demostrando un ajuste excelente (índice de ajuste comparativo = 0,971; índice de Tucker-Lewis = 0,965; error cuadrático medio de aproximación = 0,048). La intervención produjo mejoras significativas en la regulación autonómica (β = 0,41), reducciones en la ansiedad cognitiva (β = -2,84) y un mejor rendimiento competitivo (β = 0,52). La reactividad y la recuperación ante el estrés fisiológico mostraron mejoras significativas en el tamaño del efecto (d = 1,02-1,53). El perfeccionismo desadaptativo moderó significativamente la capacidad de respuesta a la intervención. El Índice de Carga Psicológica demostró una alta precisión predictiva para los resultados de rendimiento (área bajo la curva = 0,87).
Conclusiones: Los hallazgos demostraron que la preparación psicológica estructurada mejoró significativamente la regulación psicológica, el control del estrés fisiológico y el rendimiento deportivo. La monitorización multimodal proporcionó un valor predictivo superior en comparación con la evaluación de un solo método, lo que respaldó su integración en los sistemas deportivos universitarios.
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