Artigo RETRATADO devido a má conduta e manipulação por parte dos autores. Pressão, estratégias de coping e preparação psicológica em competições desportivas universitárias
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v77.118629Palavras-chave:
Pressão competitiva, estratégias de coping, ansiedade de desempenho, preparação psicológicaResumo
Introdução: Os atletas universitários experienciam uma considerável pressão psicológica devido às exigências simultâneas dos desportos competitivos e das responsabilidades académicas, enquanto a preparação psicológica sistemática é limitada nos programas atléticos universitários.
Objectivos: Este estudo teve como objectivo examinar a estrutura multidimensional da pressão competitiva, avaliar a eficácia de uma intervenção periodizada de preparação psicológica e validar um índice composto para monitorizar a carga psicológica em atletas universitários.
Métodos: Foi utilizado um desenho quase experimental longitudinal ao longo de duas épocas competitivas. A amostra foi constituída por 312 atletas universitários de 28 modalidades desportivas. As medidas psicológicas, fisiológicas e de desempenho foram recolhidas repetidamente antes, durante e após um programa multimodal de preparação psicológica de 16 semanas. Os dados foram analisados através de análise fatorial confirmatória e modelação multinível para avaliar a validade estrutural, os efeitos da intervenção e os fatores moderadores individuais. Resultados: A análise fatorial confirmatória corroborou um modelo de três fatores para a pressão competitiva, demonstrando um excelente ajuste (índice de ajuste comparativo = 0,971; índice de Tucker-Lewis = 0,965; erro quadrático médio de aproximação = 0,048). A intervenção resultou em melhorias significativas na regulação autonómica (β = 0,41), reduções na ansiedade cognitiva (β = -2,84) e melhor desempenho competitivo (β = 0,52). A reatividade e a recuperação ao stress fisiológico apresentaram melhorias significativas no tamanho do efeito (d = 1,02–1,53). O perfeccionismo desadaptativo moderou significativamente a responsividade à intervenção. O Índice de Carga Psicológica demonstrou uma elevada precisão preditiva para os resultados de desempenho (área sob a curva = 0,87).
Conclusões: Os resultados demonstraram que a preparação psicológica estruturada melhorou significativamente a regulação psicológica, a gestão do stress fisiológico e o desempenho atlético. A monitorização multimodal apresentou um valor preditivo superior em comparação com a avaliação por método único, justificando a sua integração nos sistemas desportivos universitários.
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