Violencia de género y salud mental en poblaciones universitarias de educación física y deporte: una revisión sistemática de la literatura
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v81.119034Palabras clave:
Violencia de género, salud mental, estudiantes universitarios, violencia de pareja íntima, agresión sexual, educación física, estudiantes-deportistas, rendimiento deportivo, entrenamiento informado por el trauma, psicología del deporteResumen
Introducción. La violencia de género constituye un problema generalizado que afecta a los estudiantes universitarios, con consecuencias significativas para la salud mental, el rendimiento académico y la participación en actividades deportivas y de educación física. Esta población requiere evidencia científica que contribuya al diseño de estrategias preventivas e intervenciones efectivas.
Objetivo. Revisar las asociaciones entre la victimización por violencia de género y los resultados en salud mental entre estudiantes universitarios, incluyendo poblaciones vinculadas al deporte y la educación física.
Metodología. Se identificaron un total de 1.037 estudios mediante búsquedas sistemáticas en las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science. Siguiendo las directrices PRISMA, se analizaron 140 artículos publicados entre 2021 y 2026. El análisis se centró principalmente en la prevalencia de la violencia, las experiencias de victimización y sus consecuencias sobre la salud mental.
Resultados. Las tasas de prevalencia fueron elevadas: violencia de pareja íntima (14,3–33,8%), agresión sexual (10,9–30,8%), violencia en el noviazgo (11,6–34,2%), acoso (13,5–33,7%), acecho o stalking (10,5–34,1%) y control coercitivo (11,2–34,2%). Los efectos sobre la salud mental presentaron tamaños del efecto moderados a altos: depresión (0,30–0,79), ansiedad (0,31–0,80), trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) (0,34–0,75), ideación suicida (0,34–0,72), consumo de sustancias (0,37–0,80) y autolesiones (OR ajustada = 3,28). En los contextos deportivos se observaron disminuciones en el rendimiento motor, reducción de la motivación y mayores niveles de agotamiento (burnout).
Conclusión. La violencia de género representa un desafío significativo tanto para el bienestar psicológico de los estudiantes como para su desempeño en actividades deportivas. Determinados grupos, como las mujeres, las minorías sexuales y las personas pertenecientes a colectivos marginados, presentan un mayor riesgo de experimentar estas formas de violencia. Los resultados destacan la necesidad de fortalecer las políticas de prevención, los sistemas de apoyo institucional y las intervenciones orientadas a la promoción de entornos universitarios seguros e inclusivos.
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