La educación física que recordamos: experiencias escolares y actividad física en adultos: una revisión sistemática

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v82.119399

Palabras clave:

actividasd física en adultos, educación física escolar, recuerdos, motivación

Resumen

Antecedentes: La inactividad física afecta al 66,2% de la población adulta en Chile (Ministerio del Deporte, 2024). La educación física (EF) escolar es el único espacio institucional garantizado de actividad física (AF) para toda la población escolar; sin embargo, la evidencia sugiere que la calidad afectiva de las experiencias vividas durante esta asignatura —más que su mera cantidad— moldea las actitudes y los niveles de AF en la adultez.

Objetivo: Sintetizar la evidencia científica disponible sobre la relación entre los recuerdos de la EF escolar y la práctica de AF en adultos, analizando los mecanismos afectivos, motivacionales y conductuales que median dicha relación, con énfasis en el contexto chileno.

Método: Revisión sistemática con síntesis cuantitativa siguiendo los lineamientos PRISMA 2020. Se realizaron búsquedas en PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, LILACS y Google Scholar (2010–2026). La calidad metodológica se evaluó con NOS (estudios observacionales), PEDro (diseños con intervención) y CASP (cualitativos/mixtos). Se calcularon effect sizes (r de Pearson) con intervalos de confianza al 95% mediante modelo de efectos aleatorios.

Resultados: De 1.284 registros identificados, 31 estudios con datos primarios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión (18 transversales retrospectivos, 9 longitudinales, 4 cualitativos/mixtos; N acumulado ≈ 42.000 participantes). El disfrute EF se asocia con actitudes más favorables hacia la AF (r = 0.37; IC 95%: 0.31–0.43) y con menor sedentarismo (r = −0.14; IC 95%: −0.21–−0.07). La exclusión social en EF predice inactividad adulta (r = −0.22; IC 95%: −0.30–−0.14). El tracking de AF desde la infancia a la adultez es bajo pero significativo (r = 0.14–0.19) y está mediado por variables motivacionales. Las diferencias de género son consistentes: las mujeres reportan más experiencias negativas y muestran mayor inactividad adulta.

Conclusiones: Los recuerdos de la EF escolar constituyen un determinante relevante de la AF adulta, mediado por el disfrute, la competencia percibida y la motivación autónoma. En Chile, donde la investigación específica sobre esta relación es escasa, estos hallazgos justifican el rediseño pedagógico de la EF hacia experiencias inclusivas y significativas para todos los estudiantes

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Publicado

30-05-2026

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Revisiones teóricas sistemáticas y/o metaanálisis

Cómo citar

Arroyo-Jofré, P., Venegoni, N., Fernández-Ojeda, A., Chomali Alarcón, Y., Nieva-Arce, M., & Mera Herrera, P. (2026). La educación física que recordamos: experiencias escolares y actividad física en adultos: una revisión sistemática. Retos, 82, 180-195. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v82.119399