Características de los programas de ejercicio en el lugar de trabajo asociadas a la reducción del dolor musculoesquelético en trabajadores sedentarios: una revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v82.119776Palabras clave:
workplace exercise; musculoskeletal pain; sedentary workersResumen
Introducción: El trabajo sedentario de oficina se asocia con un mayor riesgo de trastornos musculoesqueléticos por la sedestación prolongada y la escasa actividad física. Aunque las intervenciones de ejercicio en el lugar de trabajo han mostrado resultados favorables, las características asociadas siguen sin estar claras.
Objetivo: Sintetizar la evidencia sobre intervenciones de ejercicio en el lugar de trabajo para reducir el dolor musculoesquelético en trabajadores sedentarios e identificar las características vinculadas con resultados favorables.
Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática conforme a PRISMA 2020. Se buscaron estudios en SCOPUS, Web of Science, PubMed y EBSCO hasta enero de 2024. Se incluyeron intervenciones de ejercicio en trabajadores sedentarios. La calidad metodológica se evaluó con las herramientas de los National Institutes of Health y, debido a la heterogeneidad, los resultados se sintetizaron narrativamente.
Resultados: Se incluyeron 38 publicaciones correspondientes a 25 intervenciones desarrolladas en 13 países. En conjunto, las intervenciones se asociaron con reducciones del dolor musculoesquelético, especialmente en trabajadores sintomáticos. El entrenamiento de fuerza mostró la evidencia más consistente. Entre las características recurrentes destacaron el ejercicio progresivo de fuerza, los programas de 10–12 semanas, las sesiones breves varias veces por semana y una elevada adherencia. La mayoría de los estudios presentó una calidad metodológica moderada o alta.
Conclusiones: Las intervenciones de ejercicio en el lugar de trabajo constituyen una estrategia prometedora para reducir el dolor musculoesquelético en trabajadores sedentarios. Esta revisión no identifica una prescripción óptima, sino características recurrentes que pueden orientar el diseño y la implementación de futuros programas.
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