Reliability of 10-meter sprint tests, spider run beach test and anaerobic capacity of beach tennis players
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v52.101328Keywords:
Beach sport, performance, beach, tennis, performance, evaluationAbstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the 10-meter sprint, spider run and anaerobic capacity tests, both protocols were adapted for beach tennis. Material and methods: 27 healthy adults of both sexes who were physically independent and practiced beach tennis participated in the experiment. 3 visits were carried out, the 1st visit to the laboratory for anthropometric assessment and the 2nd and 3rd visits to the beach tennis court, to carry out adapted tests: 10 meter sprint, spider run and anaerobic capacity. Results: No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found between the 1st and 2nd assessments in all tests. The 10m sprint test and spider run beach test showed a low effect size (g = 0.11). The reliability between the measurements of the 10-meter sprint tests presented values corresponding to -0.02 ± 0.20 BIAS (-0.42 -0.38) and -0.08 ± 1.58 BIAS (-3.02 -3.19) for the spider run beach test. In the anaerobic test, 0.20 ± 0.78 BIAS (-1.33 - 1.74) for Tm (average time), 0.11 ± 0.33 BIAS (-0.53 - 0.75) for Tmin (minimum time) and 0.18 ± 0.59 BIAS (-0.98 - 1.34) for Tmax (maximum time) respectively. Conclusion: The 10-meter sprint test, spider run beach test and anaerobic capacity test adapted for beach tennis showed adequate reliability in the values, and these tests can be used in training programs for athletes in this modality.
Keywords: Physical Education and Training, Racquet Sports, Athletic Performance, health promotions, return to sport
References
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Bar-Or, O. (1987). The Wingate anaerobic test. An update on methodology, reliability and validity. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 4(6), 381–394. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-198704060-00001
Berardi, M., Lenabat, P., Fabre, T., & Ballas, R. (2020). Beach tennis injuries: a cross-sectional survey of 206 elite and recreational players. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 48(2), 173-178.
Borg, G. A. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14(5), 377–81.
Bosco, C., Luhtanen, P., & Komi, P. V. (1983). A simple method for measurement of mechanical power in jumping. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 50(2), 273–282. DOI: 10.1007/BF00422166
Carpes, L., Jacobsen, A., Domingues, L., Jung, N., & Ferrari, R. (2021). Recreational beach tennis reduces 24-h blood pressure in adults with hypertension: a randomized crossover trial. European Journal of Applied Physiolo-gy, 121, 1327-1336.
Carvalho, T. B., & Cavaglieri C. R. (2014). Elaboração de teste anaeróbio em tenistas. Revista Mackenzie de Educação Física e Esporte, 13(1), 178-192.
Confederação Brasileira de tênis (2020). Regras de Tênis de Praia 2020. Recuperado em 23 de janeiro de 2023 em http://cbt-tenis.com.br/arquivos/beachtenis/beachtenis_5ee38447d236d_12-06-2020_10-33-59.pdf
Confederação Brasileira de tênis (2023). Confederação Brasileira de tênis - Home. Recuperado em 23 de janeiro de 2023 em http://cbt-tenis.com.br/
Costa, E. G. Q., & Leite, M. A. F. J. (2022). Diferenças antropométricas e desempenho de membros dominantes e não dominantes em tenistas amadores. Arquivos de Ciências do Esporte, 10.
Cruz, W. R., Pinzón, J. E. P., Samudio, L. V., Trujillo, D. R., & Celis, J. M. (2023). Rendimiento neuromuscular en niños tenistas de diferentes niveles de práctica: recreativos vs competitivos. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación físi-ca, deporte y recreación, (49), 9-15.
Davey, P. R., Thorpe, R. D., & Willians, C. (2002). Fatigue decreases skilled tennis performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(11), 311-316.
dos Santos, M. M., Gomes, R. V., Moreira, A., Calve, T., Santos, R. C., Capitani, C. D. … Aoki, M. S. (2012). Ca-racterização das demandas físicas e fisiológicas associadas à partida de tênis. Brazilian Journal of Biomotricity, 6(2), 66-76.
Egan, B., & Sharples, A. P. (2023) Molecular responses to acute exercise and their relevance for adaptations in skele-tal muscle to exercise training. Physiological Reviews, 103(3), 2057-2170. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00054.2021
Evangelista, A. L., & Monteiro, A. G. (2015). Treinamento funcional: uma abordagem prática (2ª ed.). São Paulo: Phorte.
Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Mendez-Villanueva, A., Fernandez-Garcia, B., & Terrados, N. (2007). Match activity and physiological responses during a junior female singles tennis tournament. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(11), 711–716. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.036210
Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I. M. … American College of Sports Medicine (2011). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(7), 1334–1359. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb
Gomes, R., Ribeiro, S., Veibig, R., & Aoki, M. (2009). Consumo alimentar e perfil antropométrico de tenistas amado-res e profissionais. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 15(6), 436-440. DOI: 10.1590/S1517-86922009000700007.
Hopkins, W. G. (2000) Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Medicine, 30(1), 1-15. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200030010-00001
Impellizzeri, F. M., Rampinini, E., Castagna, C., Martino, F., Fiorini, S., & Wisloff, U. (2008). Effect of plyometric training on sand versus grass on muscle soreness and jumping and sprinting ability in soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(1), 42–46. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.038497
König, D., Huonker, M., Schmid, A., Halle, M., Berg, A., & Keul, J. (2001). Cardiovascular, metabolic, and hormo-nal parameters in professional tennis players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(4), 654–658. DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200104000-00022
Kovacs, M. S., Pritchett, R., Wickwire, P. J., Green, J. M., & Bishop, P. (2007). Physical performance changes after unsupervised training during the autumn/spring semester break in competitive tennis players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(11), 705–710. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.035436
Kraemer, W. J., Hakkinen, K., Triplett-Mcbride, N. T., Fry, A. C., Koziris, L. P., Ratamess, N. A. … Knuttgen, H. G. (2003). Physiological changes with periodized resistance training in women tennis players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(1), 157–168. DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200301000-00024
Kramer, T., Huijgen, B. C., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., & Visscher, C. (2017). Prediction of Tennis Performance in Jun-ior Elite Tennis Players. Journal of sports science & medicine, 16(1), 14–21.
Luque, G. T., Pay, A. S., & Ramon, M. M. (2011). Análisis de la exigencia competitiva del tenis en jugadores adoles-centes. Journal of Sport and Health Research, 3(1), 7.
Machado, F. A., Kravchychyn, A. C. P., Peserico, C. S., Silva, D. F., & Mezzaroba, P. P. (2015) Reprodutibilidade do desempenho em provas de corrida de 5 e 10 km em pista de atletismo. Revista Brasileira de Ciencias do Esporte, 37(3), 207–213. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbce.2012.09.002
Margaria, R., Aghemo, P., & Rovelli, E. (1966). Measurement of muscular power (anaerobic) in man. Journal of Ap-plied Physiology, 21(5), 1662–1664. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1966.21.5.1662
Matsushigue, K. A. (1996). Relação das capacidades aeróbia e anaeróbia aláctica com a manutenção do desempenho do “ata-que” do voleibol. Dissertação de Mestrado em Educação Física, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo.
McGuigan, M. R., & Foster, C. A. (2004). New approach to monitoring resistance training. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 26(6), 42-7. DOI: 10.1519/00126548-200412000-00008
Meckel, Y., Hophy, D. A., Dunsky, B. A., & Eliakim, D. A. (2015). Relationships between physical characteristics and ranking of young tennis players. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine, 2(10), 5-12.
Miranda, J. M. Q. (2018). Efeito de nove semanas de treinamento periodizado linear e ondulatório no rendimento esportivo de tenistas adolescentes. Tese de Doutorado em Educação Física. Universidade São Judas Tadeu. São Paulo.
Moreira, A., Maia, G., Lizana, C. R., Martins, E. A., & Oliveira, P. R. (2008). Reliability and agreement of vertical countermovement jump test in under-21 elite soccer players. Journal of Physical Education, 19(3), 413-421.
Morrow, J. R., Jr. Jackson, A. W., Disch, J. G., & Mood, D. P. (2003). Medida e avaliação do desempenho humano (4ª ed.) Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Mucchi, E. (2013). On the sweet spot estimation in beach tennis rackets. Measurement, 46(4), 1399-1410. DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2012.12.014
Mueller, S. M., Gehrig, S. M., Frese, S., Wagner, C. A., Boutellier, U., & Toigo, M. (2013). Multiday acute sodium bicarbonate intake improves endurance capacity and reduces acidosis in men. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 16. DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-10-16
Nwumann, F., & Nascimento, A. H. (2021). A incidência de lesões em atletas praticantes de beach tennis. Monografia de Bacharel em Fisioterapia. Sociedade Educacional Santa Catarina. Santa Catarina.
Oliveira, J. I., Oliveira, L. I., Arruda, S., & Oliveira, S. M. (2021). Test-retest reproducibility of a motor tests for para-lympic boccia players. Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte, 14(2), 70-76.
Perini, T. A., Oliveira, G. L., Ornellas, J. S., & Oliveira, F. P. (2005). Cálculo do erro técnico de medição em antro-pometria. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 11(1), 81-85. DOI: 10.1590/S1517-86922005000100009
Quarantini, M. I. (2010). l manuale del Beach Tennis. Bologna: Stampa.
Rosa, T. R., & Alvarez, B. R. Perfil dos praticantes de beach tennis no município de Criciúma. Research, Society and Development, 10(17). DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v10i17.24173
Sannicandro, I., Cofano, G., Rosa, R. A., & Piccinno, A. (2014). Balance Training Exercises Decrease Lower-Limb Strength Asymmetry in Young Tennis Players. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 13(2), 397-402.
Santini, J., Mingozzi, A. (2017). Beach Tennis: um esporte em ascensão. Porto Alegre: Gêneses.
Schnabel, A., & Kindermann, W. (1983). Assessment of anaerobic capacity in runners. European Journal Applied Physi-ology, 52(1), 42–46. DOI: 10.1007/BF00429023
Serra, A. J., Brito, W. F., Antonio, E. L., Santana, E. T., Bocalini, D. S., dos Santos, L. F. … Tucci, P. J. (2015). To be or not to be physically active: Insights for a real chance to have an appropriate body mass in a sample of teach-ers. Work (Reading, Mass.), 52(2), 441–446. DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152130
Silva, E. A. (2014). Composição corporal, capacidades físicas e qualidade de vida de praticantes e não praticantes de beach tennis do sexo feminino. Monografia de Bacharel em Educação Física. Universidade Federal de São Paulo. São Paulo.
Villouta, P. L., Rivera, C. F., Arias, M. P., Gómez, J. V., Castillo, C. M., Hernández-Mosqueira, C., ... & Vitoria, C. R. V. (2023). Asociación de la agilidad con la composición corporal y fuerza muscular explosiva de los miembros inferiores en mujeres jóvenes tenistas. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, (49), 70-77.
Tanaka, H., Monahan, K. D., & Seals, D. R. (2001). Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 37(1), 153–156. DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(00)01054-8
Thomson, J. M., & Garvie, K. J. (1981) A laboratory method for determination of anaerobic energy expenditure dur-ing spriting. Canadian Journal Applied Science, 6(1), 21-26.
Arazi, H., Mohammadi, M., & Asadi, A. (2014). Muscular adaptations to depth jump plyometric training: comparison of sand vs. land surface. Interventional Medicine & Applied Science, 6(3), 125-30. DOI: 10.1556/IMAS.6.2014.3.5
Bar-Or, O. (1987). The Wingate anaerobic test. An update on methodology, reliability and validity. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 4(6), 381–394. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-198704060-00001
Berardi, M., Lenabat, P., Fabre, T., & Ballas, R. (2020). Beach tennis injuries: a cross-sectional survey of 206 elite and recreational players. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 48(2), 173-178.
Borg, G. A. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14(5), 377–81.
Bosco, C., Luhtanen, P., & Komi, P. V. (1983). A simple method for measurement of mechanical power in jumping. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 50(2), 273–282. DOI: 10.1007/BF00422166
Carpes, L., Jacobsen, A., Domingues, L., Jung, N., & Ferrari, R. (2021). Recreational beach tennis reduces 24-h blood pressure in adults with hypertension: a randomized crossover trial. European Journal of Applied Physiolo-gy, 121, 1327-1336.
Carvalho, T. B., & Cavaglieri C. R. (2014). Elaboração de teste anaeróbio em tenistas. Revista Mackenzie de Educação Física e Esporte, 13(1), 178-192.
Confederação Brasileira de tênis (2020). Regras de Tênis de Praia 2020. Recuperado em 23 de janeiro de 2023 em http://cbt-tenis.com.br/arquivos/beachtenis/beachtenis_5ee38447d236d_12-06-2020_10-33-59.pdf
Confederação Brasileira de tênis (2023). Confederação Brasileira de tênis - Home. Recuperado em 23 de janeiro de 2023 em http://cbt-tenis.com.br/
Costa, E. G. Q., & Leite, M. A. F. J. (2022). Diferenças antropométricas e desempenho de membros dominantes e não dominantes em tenistas amadores. Arquivos de Ciências do Esporte, 10.
Cruz, W. R., Pinzón, J. E. P., Samudio, L. V., Trujillo, D. R., & Celis, J. M. (2023). Rendimiento neuromuscular en niños tenistas de diferentes niveles de práctica: recreativos vs competitivos. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación físi-ca, deporte y recreación, (49), 9-15.
Davey, P. R., Thorpe, R. D., & Willians, C. (2002). Fatigue decreases skilled tennis performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(11), 311-316.
dos Santos, M. M., Gomes, R. V., Moreira, A., Calve, T., Santos, R. C., Capitani, C. D. … Aoki, M. S. (2012). Ca-racterização das demandas físicas e fisiológicas associadas à partida de tênis. Brazilian Journal of Biomotricity, 6(2), 66-76.
Egan, B., & Sharples, A. P. (2023) Molecular responses to acute exercise and their relevance for adaptations in skele-tal muscle to exercise training. Physiological Reviews, 103(3), 2057-2170. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00054.2021
Evangelista, A. L., & Monteiro, A. G. (2015). Treinamento funcional: uma abordagem prática (2ª ed.). São Paulo: Phorte.
Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Mendez-Villanueva, A., Fernandez-Garcia, B., & Terrados, N. (2007). Match activity and physiological responses during a junior female singles tennis tournament. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(11), 711–716. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.036210
Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I. M. … American College of Sports Medicine (2011). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(7), 1334–1359. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb
Gomes, R., Ribeiro, S., Veibig, R., & Aoki, M. (2009). Consumo alimentar e perfil antropométrico de tenistas amado-res e profissionais. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 15(6), 436-440. DOI: 10.1590/S1517-86922009000700007.
Hopkins, W. G. (2000) Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Medicine, 30(1), 1-15. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200030010-00001
Impellizzeri, F. M., Rampinini, E., Castagna, C., Martino, F., Fiorini, S., & Wisloff, U. (2008). Effect of plyometric training on sand versus grass on muscle soreness and jumping and sprinting ability in soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(1), 42–46. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.038497
König, D., Huonker, M., Schmid, A., Halle, M., Berg, A., & Keul, J. (2001). Cardiovascular, metabolic, and hormo-nal parameters in professional tennis players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(4), 654–658. DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200104000-00022
Kovacs, M. S., Pritchett, R., Wickwire, P. J., Green, J. M., & Bishop, P. (2007). Physical performance changes after unsupervised training during the autumn/spring semester break in competitive tennis players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(11), 705–710. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.035436
Kraemer, W. J., Hakkinen, K., Triplett-Mcbride, N. T., Fry, A. C., Koziris, L. P., Ratamess, N. A. … Knuttgen, H. G. (2003). Physiological changes with periodized resistance training in women tennis players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(1), 157–168. DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200301000-00024
Kramer, T., Huijgen, B. C., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., & Visscher, C. (2017). Prediction of Tennis Performance in Jun-ior Elite Tennis Players. Journal of sports science & medicine, 16(1), 14–21.
Luque, G. T., Pay, A. S., & Ramon, M. M. (2011). Análisis de la exigencia competitiva del tenis en jugadores adoles-centes. Journal of Sport and Health Research, 3(1), 7.
Machado, F. A., Kravchychyn, A. C. P., Peserico, C. S., Silva, D. F., & Mezzaroba, P. P. (2015) Reprodutibilidade do desempenho em provas de corrida de 5 e 10 km em pista de atletismo. Revista Brasileira de Ciencias do Esporte, 37(3), 207–213. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbce.2012.09.002
Margaria, R., Aghemo, P., & Rovelli, E. (1966). Measurement of muscular power (anaerobic) in man. Journal of Ap-plied Physiology, 21(5), 1662–1664. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1966.21.5.1662
Matsushigue, K. A. (1996). Relação das capacidades aeróbia e anaeróbia aláctica com a manutenção do desempenho do “ata-que” do voleibol. Dissertação de Mestrado em Educação Física, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo.
McGuigan, M. R., & Foster, C. A. (2004). New approach to monitoring resistance training. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 26(6), 42-7. DOI: 10.1519/00126548-200412000-00008
Meckel, Y., Hophy, D. A., Dunsky, B. A., & Eliakim, D. A. (2015). Relationships between physical characteristics and ranking of young tennis players. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine, 2(10), 5-12.
Miranda, J. M. Q. (2018). Efeito de nove semanas de treinamento periodizado linear e ondulatório no rendimento esportivo de tenistas adolescentes. Tese de Doutorado em Educação Física. Universidade São Judas Tadeu. São Paulo.
Moreira, A., Maia, G., Lizana, C. R., Martins, E. A., & Oliveira, P. R. (2008). Reliability and agreement of vertical countermovement jump test in under-21 elite soccer players. Journal of Physical Education, 19(3), 413-421.
Morrow, J. R., Jr. Jackson, A. W., Disch, J. G., & Mood, D. P. (2003). Medida e avaliação do desempenho humano (4ª ed.) Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Mucchi, E. (2013). On the sweet spot estimation in beach tennis rackets. Measurement, 46(4), 1399-1410. DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2012.12.014
Mueller, S. M., Gehrig, S. M., Frese, S., Wagner, C. A., Boutellier, U., & Toigo, M. (2013). Multiday acute sodium bicarbonate intake improves endurance capacity and reduces acidosis in men. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 16. DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-10-16
Nwumann, F., & Nascimento, A. H. (2021). A incidência de lesões em atletas praticantes de beach tennis. Monografia de Bacharel em Fisioterapia. Sociedade Educacional Santa Catarina. Santa Catarina.
Oliveira, J. I., Oliveira, L. I., Arruda, S., & Oliveira, S. M. (2021). Test-retest reproducibility of a motor tests for para-lympic boccia players. Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte, 14(2), 70-76.
Perini, T. A., Oliveira, G. L., Ornellas, J. S., & Oliveira, F. P. (2005). Cálculo do erro técnico de medição em antro-pometria. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 11(1), 81-85. DOI: 10.1590/S1517-86922005000100009
Quarantini, M. I. (2010). l manuale del Beach Tennis. Bologna: Stampa.
Rosa, T. R., & Alvarez, B. R. Perfil dos praticantes de beach tennis no município de Criciúma. Research, Society and Development, 10(17). DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v10i17.24173
Sannicandro, I., Cofano, G., Rosa, R. A., & Piccinno, A. (2014). Balance Training Exercises Decrease Lower-Limb Strength Asymmetry in Young Tennis Players. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 13(2), 397-402.
Santini, J., Mingozzi, A. (2017). Beach Tennis: um esporte em ascensão. Porto Alegre: Gêneses.
Schnabel, A., & Kindermann, W. (1983). Assessment of anaerobic capacity in runners. European Journal Applied Physi-ology, 52(1), 42–46. DOI: 10.1007/BF00429023
Serra, A. J., Brito, W. F., Antonio, E. L., Santana, E. T., Bocalini, D. S., dos Santos, L. F. … Tucci, P. J. (2015). To be or not to be physically active: Insights for a real chance to have an appropriate body mass in a sample of teach-ers. Work (Reading, Mass.), 52(2), 441–446. DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152130
Silva, E. A. (2014). Composição corporal, capacidades físicas e qualidade de vida de praticantes e não praticantes de beach tennis do sexo feminino. Monografia de Bacharel em Educação Física. Universidade Federal de São Paulo. São Paulo.
Villouta, P. L., Rivera, C. F., Arias, M. P., Gómez, J. V., Castillo, C. M., Hernández-Mosqueira, C., ... & Vitoria, C. R. V. (2023). Asociación de la agilidad con la composición corporal y fuerza muscular explosiva de los miembros inferiores en mujeres jóvenes tenistas. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, (49), 70-77.
Tanaka, H., Monahan, K. D., & Seals, D. R. (2001). Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 37(1), 153–156. DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(00)01054-8
Thomson, J. M., & Garvie, K. J. (1981) A laboratory method for determination of anaerobic energy expenditure dur-ing spriting. Canadian Journal Applied Science, 6(1), 21-26.
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