Parenting styles: psychometric properties of the norms and demands scale (children’s version) in elementary school children and its relationship with physical fitness
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v79.117714Keywords:
Child development, parenting styles, physical fitness, primary education, psychometric validationAbstract
Introduction: Parental educational styles influence children's development, yet validated instruments for assessing them from a child's perspective in primary education remain scarce. The Scale of Norms and Requirements (ENE-H) evaluates three parental style dimensions: inductive, rigid, and indulgent.
Objective: To provide validity and reliability evidence for the ENE-H in 562 primary school students aged 7–12 years.
Methodology: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. Items with low communalities and weak factor loadings were systematically removed. Internal consistency, sex differences, and correlations with physical fitness indicators (strength, endurance, flexibility) were also examined.
Results: A refined 12-item version improved explained variance from 36% to 53%, with satisfactory internal consistency (α = 0.62–0.74). Boys perceived their fathers as more inductive and their mothers as more rigid than girls did. Correlations with physical fitness were modest but significant, particularly between maternal inductive style and right-hand grip strength (r = 0.392).
Conclusions: Findings confirm the three-dimensional structure of the original scale, though specific adaptations are required for this age group. The refined ENE-H is a valid tool for assessing parental educational styles from a child's perspective, with potential use in preventive family interventions.
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