Treino integrado através de jogos reduzidos: efeitos no compromisso tático dos jogadores de futebol. Uma revisão sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v75.118254Palavras-chave:
Compromisso tático, formação integrada, futebol, jogos em campo reduzido, restrições de tarefasResumo
Contexto: Os jogos em campo reduzido (SSGs, na sigla em inglês) são comummente utilizados no futebol como uma abordagem de treino integrada que promove melhorias simultâneas nas capacidades físicas, técnicas e táticas dos jogadores. Embora numerosos estudos tenham examinado o seu papel no desempenho, os efeitos das restrições específicas da tarefa no compromisso tático ainda são parcialmente compreendidos.
Objectivo: Esta revisão sistemática teve como objectivo determinar como diferentes restrições associadas aos SSG — incluindo o formato do jogo, as dimensões do campo, a faixa etária, as modificações nas regras e instruções do treinador — influenciam o compromisso táctico dos jogadores de futebol.
Métodos: Seguindo as diretrizes PRISMA, foi realizada uma pesquisa abrangente nas bases de dados Web of Science, PubMed e Scopus. Dos 305 registos identificados, 36 estudos cumpriram todos os critérios de inclusão e foram analisados detalhadamente.
Resultados: De um modo geral, os resultados mostram que formatos mais pequenos tendem a incentivar ações táticas individuais, enquanto formatos maiores promovem comportamentos coletivos coordenados. As alterações no tamanho do campo influenciam a forma como os jogadores exploram o espaço e adaptam as suas respostas táticas. Modificações nas tarefas, como regras de pontuação ou pistas visuais, afetam a amplitude ofensiva e a compressão defensiva. A idade e a experiência também desempenham um papel importante, com os jogadores mais experientes a exibirem padrões táticos mais estáveis.
Discussão: Em comparação com a literatura anterior, estes resultados estão alinhados com evidências prévias que destacam a sensibilidade do comportamento tático à manipulação de restrições, ao mesmo tempo que expandem o conhecimento atual, enfatizando os efeitos combinados e interativos de múltiplas variáveis da tarefa.
Conclusão: De um modo geral, esta revisão sugere que os jogos táticos de curta duração (SSGs) são uma ferramenta de treino eficaz para orientar o compromisso tático, ao mesmo tempo que sublinha a necessidade de estudos longitudinais mais robustos.
Referências
Aguiar, M., Botelho, G., Lago, C., Maças, V., & Sampaio, J. (2012). A Review on the Effects of Soccer Small-Sided Games. Journal of Human Kinetics, 33(2012), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0049-x
Aguiar, M., Gonçalves, B., Botelho, G., Lemmink, K., & Sampaio, J. (2015). Footballers’ movement behaviour during 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-a-side small-sided games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(12), 1259–1266. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1022571
Bach Padilha, M., Guilherme, J., Serra-Olivares, J., Roca, A., & Teoldo, I. (2017). The influence of floaters on players’ tactical behaviour in small-sided and conditioned soccer games. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 17(5), 721–736. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2017.1390723
Barnabé, L., Volossovitch, A., Duarte, R., Ferreira, A. P., & Davids, K. (2016). Age-related effects of practice experience on collective behaviours of football players in small-sided games. Human Movement Science, 48, 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2016.04.007
Bastia, Batista, J., Goncalves, B., Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal, Sampaio, J., Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal, Castro, J., University Institute of Maia, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal, Abade, E., University Institute of Maia, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal, Travassos, B., & Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal. (2019). The Influence of Coaches’ Instruction on Technical Actions, Tactical Behaviour, and External Workload in Football Small-Sided Games. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 8(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.190305
Bujalance-Moreno, P., Latorre-Román, P. Á., & García-Pinillos, F. (2019). A systematic review on small-sided games in football players: Acute and chronic adaptations. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(8), 921–949. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1535821
Canton, A., Torrents, C., Ric, A., Gonçalves, B., Sampaio, J., & Hristovski, R. (2019). Effects of Temporary Numerical Imbalances on Collective Exploratory Behavior of Young and Professional Football Players. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1968. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01968
Castellano, J., Silva, P., Usabiaga, O., & Barreira, D. (2016). The influence of scoring targets and outer-floaters on attacking and defending team dispersion, shape and creation of space during small-sided soccer games. Journal of Human Kinetics, 51(1), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0178
Chootsungnoen, P., Leenoi, P., & Suwannate, C. (2025). The influence of number of floater players on internal and external load in small-sided games. Retos, 68, 299–307. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v68.112986
Clemente, F. M. (2014). Developing Aerobic and Anaerobic Fitness Using Small-Sided Soccer Games: Methodological Proposals. 36(3). https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000063
Clemente, F. M., Afonso, J., Castillo, D., Arcos, A. L., Silva, A. F., & Sarmento, H. (2020). The effects of small-sided soccer games on tactical behavior and collective dynamics: A systematic review. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 134, 109710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109710
Clemente, F. M., Castillo, D., & Los Arcos, A. (2020). Tactical Analysis According to Age-level Groups during a 4 vs. 4 Plus Goalkeepers Small-sided Game. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1667. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051667
Clemente, F. M., Chen, Y.-S., Bezerra, J. P., Guiomar, J., & Lima, R. (2018). Between-format differences and variability of technical actions during small-sided soccer games played by young players. Human Movement, 2018(5), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.5114/hm.2018.83103
Clemente, F. M., Sequeiros, J. B., Correia, A., Silva, F. G. M., & Martins, F. M. L. (2018). Computational Metrics for Soccer Analysis. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59029-5
Coutinho, D., Gonçalves, B., Santos, S., Travassos, B., Wong, D. P., & Sampaio, J. (2019a). Effects of the pitch configuration design on players’ physical performance and movement behaviour during soccer small-sided games. Research in Sports Medicine, 27(3), 298–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2018.1544133
Coutinho, D., Gonçalves, B., Travassos, B., Abade, E., Wong, D. P., & Sampaio, J. (2019b). Effects of pitch spatial references on players’ positioning and physical performances during football small-sided games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(7), 741–747. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1523671
Coutinho, D., Gonçalves, B., Travassos, B., Folgado, H., Figueira, B., & Sampaio, J. (2020). Different Marks in the Pitch Constraint Youth Players’ Performances During Football Small-sided Games. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 91(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1645938
Coutinho, D., Gonçalves, B., Travassos, B., Wong, D. P., Coutts, A. J., & Sampaio, J. E. (2017). Mental Fatigue and Spatial References Impair Soccer Players’ Physical and Tactical Performances. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1645. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01645
Coutinho, D., Gonçalves, B., Wong, D. P., Travassos, B., Coutts, A. J., & Sampaio, J. (2018). Exploring the effects of mental and muscular fatigue in soccer players’ performance. Human Movement Science, 58, 287–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2018.03.004
Folgado, H., Bravo, J., Pereira, P., & Sampaio, J. (2019). Towards the use of multidimensional performance indicators in football small-sided games: The effects of pitch orientation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(9), 1064–1071. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1543834
Francesco Sgrò, Salvatore Bracco, Salvatore Pignato, & Mario Lipoma. (2018). Small-Sided Games and Technical Skills in Soccer Training: Systematic Review and Implications for Sport and Physical Education Practitioners. Journal of Sports Science, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.17265/2332-7839/2018.01.002
García-Angulo, A., Palao, J. M., Giménez-Egido, J. M., García-Angulo, F. J., & Ortega-Toro, E. (2020). Effect of the Modification of the Number of Players, the Size of the Goal, and the Size of the Field in Competition on the Play Actions in U-12 Male Football. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020518
Gonçalves, B., Esteves, P., Folgado, H., Ric, A., Torrents, C., & Sampaio, J. (2017). Effects of Pitch Area-Restrictions on Tactical Behavior, Physical, and Physiological Performances in Soccer Large-Sided Games. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(9), 2398–2408. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001700
Gonçalves, B., Marcelino, R., Torres-Ronda, L., Torrents, C., & Sampaio, J. (2016). Effects of emphasising opposition and cooperation on collective movement behaviour during football small-sided games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(14), 1346–1354. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1143111
Gonet, D. T., Bezerra, L. O., Reis, M. A. M. D., & Vasconcellos, F. V. D. A. (2020). Effect of small-sided games with manipulation of small targets on the perceived exertion and tactical and technical performance of college soccer players. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 22, e57958. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2020v22e57958
Gonzalez-Rodenas, J., Ferrandis, J., Carril-Valdó, J., Claver-Rabaz, F., Ballester, R., & Gil-Arias, A. (2024). Effects of Different Tactical Formations on Positional Team Behaviors during Small Sided Games in Youth Soccer Players. Journal of Human Kinetics. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/194071
Greco, P. J., & Moreira Praça, G. (2017). Network analysis in small-sided and conditioned soccer games: The influence of additional players and playing position. Kinesiology, 49(2), 185–193. https://doi.org/10.26582/k.49.2.8
Halouani, J., Chtourou, H., Gabbett, T., Chaouachi, A., & Chamari, K. (n.d.). SMALL-SIDED GAMES IN TEAM SPORTS TRAINING: A BRIEF REVIEW. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000564
Hill-Haas, S. V., Dawson, B., Impellizzeri, F. M., & Coutts, A. J. (2011). Physiology of Small-Sided Games Training in Football: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine, 41(3), 199–220. https://doi.org/10.2165/11539740-000000000-00000
Jara, D., Ortega, E., Gómez-Ruano, M.-Á., Weigelt, M., Nikolic, B., & Sainz De Baranda, P. (2019). Physical and Tactical Demands of the Goalkeeper in Football in Different Small-Sided Games. Sensors, 19(16), 3605. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163605
Machado, J. C., Alcântara, C., Palheta, C., Santos, J. O. L. D., Barreira, D., & Scaglia, A. J. (2016). The influence of rules manipulation on offensive patterns during small-sided and conditioned games in football. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 22(4), 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1980-6574201600040012
Machado, J. C., Barreira, D., Teoldo, I., Travassos, B., Júnior, J. B., Santos, J. O. L. D., & Scaglia, A. J. (2019a). How Does the Adjustment of Training Task Difficulty Level Influence Tactical Behavior in Soccer? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 90(3), 403–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1612511
Machado, J. C., Ribeiro, J., Palheta, C. E., Alcântara, C., Barreira, D., Guilherme, J., Garganta, J., & Scaglia, A. J. (2019b). Changing Rules and Configurations During Soccer Small-Sided and Conditioned Games. How Does It Impact Teams’ Tactical Behavior? Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1554. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01554
Martone, D., Giacobbe, M., Capobianco, A., Imperlini, E., Mancini, A., Capasso, M., Buono, P., & Orrù, S. (2017). Exercise Intensity and Technical Demands of Small-Sided Soccer Games for Under-12 and Under-14 Players: Effect of Area per Player. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(6), 1486–1492. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001615
Memmert, D., Lemmink, K. A. P. M., & Sampaio, J. (2017). Current Approaches to Tactical Performance Analyses in Soccer Using Position Data. Sports Medicine, 47(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0562-5
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2010). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. International Journal of Surgery, 8(5), 336–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007
Moreira, P. E. D., Barbosa, G. F., Murta, C. D. C. F., Pérez Morales, J. C., Bredt, S. D. G. T., Praça, G. M., & Greco, P. J. (2020). Network analysis and tactical behaviour in soccer small-sided and conditioned games: Influence of absolute and relative playing areas on different age categories. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 20(1), 64–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2019.1705642
Muhyi, M., Suharti, S., Puspodari, P., Syarif, A., Nugroho Putro, B., Cahyanto Wibawa, J., & Ayubi, N. (2025). Physiological mechanisms of increasing maximal oxygen volume through small sided games training: A systematic review. Retos, 69, 1215–1225. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v69.116525
Nunes, N. A., Gonçalves, B., Coutinho, D., & Travassos, B. (2020). How Numerical Unbalance Constraints Physical and Tactical Individual Demands of Ball Possession Small-Sided Soccer Games. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1464. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01464
Olthof, S. B. H., Frencken, W. G. P., & Lemmink, K. A. P. M. (2015). The older, the wider: On-field tactical behavior of elite-standard youth soccer players in small-sided games. Human Movement Science, 41, 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2015.02.004
Olthof, S. B. H., Frencken, W. G. P., & Lemmink, K. A. P. M. (2018). Match-derived relative pitch area changes the physical and team tactical performance of elite soccer players in small-sided soccer games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(14), 1557–1563. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1403412
Olthof, S. B. H., Frencken, W. G. P., & Lemmink, K. A. P. M. (2019). A Match-Derived Relative Pitch Area Facilitates the Tactical Representativeness of Small-Sided Games for the Official Soccer Match. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(2), 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002978
Ometto, L., Vasconcellos, F. V., Cunha, F. A., Teoldo, I., Souza, C. R. B., Dutra, M. B., O’Sullivan, M., & Davids, K. (2018). How manipulating task constraints in small-sided and conditioned games shapes emergence of individual and collective tactical behaviours in football: A systematic review. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 13(6), 1200–1214. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954118769183
Parlebas, P. (2020). The Universals of Games and Sports. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 593877. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.593877
Praça, G. M., Costa, C. L. A., Falconi, F., Andrade, A. G. P. D., Chagas, M. H., & Greco, P. J. (2016). Influência do conhecimento tático processual no comportamento tático durante diferentes pequenos jogos no futebol. Journal of Physical Education, 27(1), 2736. https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v27i1.2736
Praça, G. M., Folgado, H., Andrade, A. G. P. D., & Greco, P. J. (2016). Comportamento tático coletivo em Pequenos Jogos no Futebol: Influência de jogadores adicionais. Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, 18(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n1p62
Praça, G. M., Sousa, R. B. E., & Greco, P. J. (2019). Influence of Aerobic Power on Youth Players’ Tactical Behavior and Network Properties during Football Small-Sided Games. Sports, 7(3), 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7030073
Reis, M. A. M. D., & Almeida, M. B. (2020). The role of somatic maturation in the tactical effectiveness, efficiency and variability of young soccer players. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 20(2), 305–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1743165
Ric, A., Hristovski, R., Gonçalves, B., Torres, L., Sampaio, J., & Torrents, C. (2016). Timescales for exploratory tactical behaviour in football small-sided games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(18), 1723–1730. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1136068
Sarmento, H., Clemente, F. M., Araújo, D., Davids, K., McRobert, A., & Figueiredo, A. (2018). What Performance Analysts Need to Know About Research Trends in Association Football (2012–2016): A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine, 48(4), 799–836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0836-6
Sarmento, H., Clemente, F. M., Harper, L. D., Costa, I. T. D., Owen, A., & Figueiredo, A. J. (2018). Small sided games in soccer – a systematic review. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 18(5), 693–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2018.1517288
Serra-Olivares, J., González-Víllora, S., García-López, L. M., & Araújo, D. (2015). Game-Based Approaches’ Pedagogical Principles: Exploring Task Constraints in Youth Soccer. Journal of Human Kinetics, 46(1), 251–261. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0053
Silva, P., Esteves, P., Correia, V., Davids, K., Araújo, D., & Garganta, J. (2015). Effects of manipulations of player numbers vs. Field dimensions on inter-individual coordination during small-sided games in youth football. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 15(2), 641–659. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868821
Silva, P., Vilar, L., Davids, K., Araújo, D., & Garganta, J. (2016). Sports teams as complex adaptive systems: Manipulating player numbers shapes behaviours during football small-sided games. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 191. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-1813-5
Torrents, C., Ric, A., Hristovski, R., Torres-Ronda, L., Vicente, E., & Sampaio, J. (2016). Emergence of Exploratory, Technical and Tactical Behavior in Small-Sided Soccer Games when Manipulating the Number of Teammates and Opponents. PLOS ONE, 11(12), e0168866. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168866
Travassos, B., Gonçalves, B., Marcelino, R., Monteiro, R., & Sampaio, J. (2014). How perceiving additional targets modifies teams’ tactical behavior during football small-sided games. Human Movement Science, 38, 241–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2014.10.005
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2025 Samir Essafi, Younes Brouki, Youssef El Machrouh, Chaimae Khali, Mohamed Barkaoui, Aziz Eloirdi, Aziz Chokri
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e assegurar a revista o direito de ser a primeira publicação da obra como licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite que outros para compartilhar o trabalho com o crédito de autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Os autores podem estabelecer acordos adicionais separados para a distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicado na revista (por exemplo, a um repositório institucional, ou publicá-lo em um livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- É permitido e os autores são incentivados a divulgar o seu trabalho por via electrónica (por exemplo, em repositórios institucionais ou no seu próprio site), antes e durante o processo de envio, pois pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como a uma intimação mais Cedo e mais do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre) (em Inglês).
Esta revista é a "política de acesso aberto" de Boai (1), apoiando os direitos dos usuários de "ler, baixar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, pesquisar, ou link para os textos completos dos artigos". (1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
