Article RETRACTED due to malpractice Physical Activity, Self-Esteem, and Communicative Confidence among Indonesian University Students: A Mediation Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v82.119777Keywords:
Physical Activity, Self-Esteem, Communicative Confidence, University Students, Mediation Analysis, IndonesiaAbstract
Introduction: Physical activity is increasingly recognised as a multidimensional health and educational resource. However, its potential contribution to communicative confidence through self-esteem remains underexplored in university populations. Objective: This study examined whether self-esteem mediates the relationship between physical activity and communicative confidence in an Indonesian student dataset. Methodology: A quantitative cross-sectional mediation design was applied to an analytic dataset containing 256 student records. Physical activity, self-esteem, and communicative confidence were represented by 10 Likert-type indicators for each construct. Descriptive statistics, reliability screening, Pearson correlations, ordinary least squares regression, and 5,000-sample bootstrap mediation analysis were conducted. Results: Physical activity was positively correlated with self-esteem (r = .611, p < .001) and communicative confidence (r = .375, p < .001), while self-esteem was positively correlated with communicative confidence (r = .544, p < .001). The indirect effect of physical activity on communicative confidence through self-esteem was significant (ab = .314, 95% bootstrap CI [.221, .408]). After self-esteem was entered, the direct effect of physical activity on communicative confidence was no longer significant (c' = .070, p = .304), suggesting a primarily indirect pathway. Conclusions: The findings support a psychosocial pathway in which physical activity is associated with higher self-esteem, which in turn is associated with greater communicative confidence. Because the workbook identifies the data as adapted/simulated, this manuscript should be treated as a refined analytical draft requiring validation with actual university student data before journal submission.
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Copyright (c) 2026 SUGERMAN SUGERMAN, Moh. Juhdi Juhdi, Desy Irafadillah Effendi Desy, Ahmad Yasid Ahmad, Agus Setiawan Agus
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