Análisis de composición corporal por grupos de edad mediante DXA en una cohorte colombiana (2018 – 2025)

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v85.118933

Palabras clave:

Absorciometria de rayos X (DXA), composición corporal, densidad mineral ósea, grupos de edad, obesidad sarcopénica, sarcopenia, tejido adiposo

Resumen

Introducción: la composición corporal es clave en la valoración del estado nutricional y varía con el ciclo vital. La masa grasa, masa magra y densidad mineral ósea (DMO) se ven influenciadas por la edad, permitiendo identificar riesgos para la salud.

Objetivo: Analizar cambios en composición corporal mediante DXA en una cohorte evaluada entre 2018 y 2025, considerando variaciones según grupos de edad del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social para población colombiana y por rangos decenales.

Metodología: se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo y transversal con registros del Centro de Estudios Avanzados de la Universidad CES, Medellín, incluyendo 598 personas entre 10 y 78 años. Las variables se analizaron por grupos de edad y por decenios empleando Kruskal-Wallis para comparar grupos etarios y Epsilon cuadrado para estimar diferencias.

Resultados: se observaron diferencias significativas en todas las variables. Con el envejecimiento, incrementó IMC, masa grasa total, grasa visceral y relación androide/ginoide, mientras que masa magra, contenido y densidad mineral ósea disminuyeron. El envejecimiento podría atenuar las diferencias de composición corporal entre sexos.

Discusión: los hallazgos concuerdan con evidencia que describe una redistribución corporal asociada al envejecimiento, con pérdida de masa muscular y ósea e incremento de adiposidad, aumentando el riesgo funcional y metabólico. El aumento de grasa visceral y relación androide/ginoide indican una redistribución adiposa influenciada por factores hormonales.

Conclusiones: el estudio demuestra un deterioro progresivo de la composición corporal con la edad, estableciendo la importancia en la promoción de estrategias preventivas y de detección para mejorar calidad de vida.

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30-05-2026

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Artículos de carácter científico: investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas

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Gómez Velásquez, S., Pérez Bedoya, P., Arroyave Davydova, R., Franco Hoyos, K., Bedoya Bedoya, L. F., & Agudelo Martinez, M. A. (2026). Análisis de composición corporal por grupos de edad mediante DXA en una cohorte colombiana (2018 – 2025). Retos, 85, 12-26. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v85.118933