Respostas de carga e psicofisiológicas no treino intervalado de alta intensidade com recuperação fixa e auto-elecionada
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v74.110831Palavras-chave:
Treino intervalado de alta intensidade, carga de treino, variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, esforço percebido, humor, adaptações fisiológicasResumo
Introdução e Objectivo. Este estudo analisou a carga de treino em sessões de treino intervalado de alta intensidade com diferentes condições de tempo de recuperação entre estímulos fixos (1 min) e auto-elecionados.
Métodos. Participaram no estudo 19 indivíduos: 13 homens e 6 mulheres (19 ± 1,0 anos; 64,0 ± 9,2 kg; 169 ± 8,5 cm; IMC 22,0 ± 2). A variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (LnRMSSD), a perceção de esforço (PE) e a escala de humor (EM) foram utilizadas para analisar a carga de treino. O LnRMSSD e a EM foram avaliados antes e depois das sessões. A PE foi avaliada durante cada sessão, imediatamente após cada estímulo. O protocolo consistiu em 10 x 30 s (95% da frequência cardíaca máxima) com recuperação ativa (40% da frequência cardíaca máxima) num tempo fixo ou auto-elecionado. A ANOVA de medidas repetidas (ANOVA-RM) (2 intervenções x 2 pontos temporais) foi utilizada para o LnRMSSD e MS, e (2 intervenções x 10 pontos temporais) para o PE.
Resultados: Não foram observadas diferenças entre as condições e entre a interação tempo*condição para o LnRMSSD (p=0,626; p=0,879, respetivamente), PE (p=0,191; p=0,792, respetivamente) e MS (tensão: p=0,673; p=0,463; depressão: p=0,867; p=0,359; raiva: p=0,867; p=0,359; vigor: p=0,811; p=0,778; fadiga: p=0,144; p=0,998; Em relação ao tempo, foram observadas diferenças significativas no LnRMSSD (p<0,001) e PE (1≠3-10; 2≠4-10; 3≠5-10; 4≠5-10; 5≠7-10; 6≠7-10; 7≠9,10; 8≠10, p<0,001). Em MS, verificaram-se diferenças nos domínios da tensão (p<0,001), depressão (p<0,015), raiva (p<0,033) e confusão mental (p<0,001). No entanto, não se verificaram diferenças para o vigor (p=0,339) ou fadiga (p=0,419), que estão associados à carga de treino.
Conclusões. Apesar disso, ambas as condições de recuperação apresentaram respostas semelhantes à carga interna aguda. Além disso, sugere-se que o tempo de recuperação auto-selecionado (46,70±1,6,58s) pode ser uma opção de recuperação na prescrição de HIIT.
Referências
Alansare, A., Alford, K., Lee, S., Church, T., & Jung, H. (2018). The effects of high-intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous training on heart rate variability in physically inactive adults. Int J Env Res and Public Health, 15(7), 1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071508
Alkahtani, S., Flatt, A. A., Kanas, J., Aldyel, A., & Habib, S. S. (2020). Role of type and volume of recreational physical activity on heart rate variability in men. Int J Env Res and Public Health, 17(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082719
Armstrong, L. E., & VanHeest, J. L. (2002). The Unknown mechanism of the overtraining syndrome. Sports Med, 32(3), 185–209. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200232030-00003
Atakan, M. M., Li, Y. C., Kosar, S. N., Turnagol, H. H., & Yan, X. (2021). Evidence-based effects of high-intensity interval training on exercise capacity and health: A review with historical perspective. Int J Env Res and Public Health, 18(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137201 WE - Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) WE - Social Science Citation Index (SSCI)
Bara-filho, M. G., Freitas, D. S., Moreira, D., Matta, M. O., Lima, J. R. P., & Nakamura, F. Y. (2013). Heart rate variability and soccer training : a case study. Motriz, 19(1), 171–177.
Batacan, R. B., Duncan, M. J., Dalbo, V. J., Tucker, P. S., & Fenning, A. S. (2017). Effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. Br J Sports Med, 51(6), 494–503. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095841
Billat, V. L. (2001). Interval training for performance: A scientific and empirical practice. Special recommendations for middle- and long-distance running. Part I: Aerobic interval training. Sports Med, 31(1), 13–31. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131010-00002
Bonen, A., & Belcastro, A. N. (1976). Comparison of self-selected recovery methods on lactic acid removal rates. Med Sci Sports, 8(3), 176–178.
Borges, N. R., Scanlan, A. T., Reaburn, P. R., & Doering, T. M. (2020). A comparison of heart rate training load and perceptual effort between masters and young cyclists. Int J Sports Physiol and Perform, 15(5), 759–762. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0413
Borresen, J., & Lambert, M. I. (2008). Autonomic control of heart rate during and after exercise: Measurements and Implications for monitoring training status. Sport Med, 38(8), 633–646. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.41.2634
Borresen, J., & Lambert, M. I. (2009). The quantification of training load, the training response and the effect on performance. Sports Med, 39(9), 779–795. https://doi.org/10.2165/11317780-000000000-00000
Botsva, N., Naishtetik, I., Khimion, L., & Chernetchenko, D. (2017). Predictors of aging based on the analysis of heart rate variability. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, June, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/pace.13180
Buchheit, M., & Laursen, P. B. (2013a). High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle: Part I: Cardiopulmonary emphasis. Sport Med, 43(5), 313–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0029-x
Buchheit, M., & Laursen, P. B. (2013b). High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle: Part I: Cardiopulmonary emphasis. Sport Med, 43(5), 313–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0029-x
Buchheit, M., & Laursen, P. B. (2013c). High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle: Part II: Anaerobic energy, neuromuscular load and practical applications. Sports Med, 43(10), 927–954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0066-5
Buchheit, M., & Laursen, P. B. (2013d). High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle: Part II: Anaerobic energy, neuromuscular load and practical applications. Sports Med, 43(10), 927–954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0066-5
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Routledge Academic.
da Silva, D. F., Simões, H. G., & Machado, F. A. (2015). vVO2max versus Vpeak, what is the best predictor of running performances in middle-aged recreationally-trained runners? Sci Sports, 30(4), e85–e92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2014.10.006
Draghici, A. E., & Taylor, J. A. (2016). The physiological basis and measurement of heart rate variability in humans. J Physiol Anthropol, 35(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-016-0113-7
Farias-Junior, L. F., Macêdo, G. A. D., Browne, R. A. V., Freire, Y. A., Oliveira-Dantas, F. F., Schwade, D., Mortatti, A. L., Santos, T. M., & Costa, E. C. (2019). Physiological and psychological responses during low-volume high-intensity interval training sessions with different work-recovery durations. J Sports Sci Med, 18(1), 181–190.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
Fennell, C. R. J., & Hopker, J. G. (2021). The acute physiological and perceptual effects of recovery interval intensity during cycling-based high-intensity interval training. Eur J Appl Physiol, 121(2), 425–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04535-x
Foster, C., Florhaug, J. A., Franklin, J., Gottschall, L., Hrovatin, L. A., Suzanne, P., Doleshal, P., & Dodge, C. (2001). A new approach to monitoring exercise training. J Strength Cond Res, 15(1), 109–115.
Gibson, N., Brownstein, C., Ball, D., & Twist, C. (2017). Physiological, perceptual and performance responses associated with self-selected versus standardized recovery periods during a repeated sprint protocol in elite youth football players: A preliminary study. Ped Exerc Sci, 29(2), 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2016-0130
Glaister, M., Witmer, C., Clarke, D. W., Guers, J. J., Heller, J. L., & Moir, G. L. (2010). Familiarization, reliability, and evaluation of a multiple sprint running test using self-selected recovery periods. J Strength Cond Res, 24(12), 3296–3301. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bac33c
Ho, R. (2014). Handbook of univariate and multivariate data analysis with IBM SPSS (C. Press, Ed.; 2nd ed.).
Holmes, C. J., Fedewa, M. V., Dobbs, W. C., Liu, Y., Flatt, A. A., Nakamura, F. Y., & Esco, M. R. (2020). The effects of different body positions on the accuracy of ultra-short-term heart rate variability indexes. J High Tech Manag Res, 31(1), 100375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hitech.2020.100375
Impellizzeri, F. M., Marcora, S. M., & Coutts, A. J. (2019). Internal and external training load : 15 years on internal and external training load : 15 years on training load : Internal and external load theoretical framework : The training process. Int J Sports and Performance, Ahead of P. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0935
Impellizzeri, F. M., Rampinini, E., Coutts, A. J., Sassi, A., & Marcora, S. M. (2004). Use of RPE-based training load in soccer. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 36(6), 1042–1047. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000128199.23901.2F
Johnston, B. W., Barrett-Jolley, R., Krige, A., & Welters, I. D. (2020). Heart rate variability: Measurement and emerging use in critical care medicine. J Int Care Soc, 21(2), 148–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1751143719853744
Kabasakalis, A., Nikolaidis, S., Tsalis, G., & Mougios, V. (2022). Low-volume sprint interval swimming is sufficient to increase blood metabolic biomarkers in master swimmers. Res Quart Exerc and Sport, 93(2), 318–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2020.1832183
Lundstrom, C. J., Foreman, N. A., & Biltz, G. (2023). Practices and applications of heart rate variability monitoring in endurance athletes. Int J Sports Med, 44, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1864-9726
Machado, A. F., Evangelista, A. L., Miranda, J. M. Q., Teixeira, C. V. S., Rica, R. L., Lopes, C. R., Figueira-Júnior, A., Baker, J. S., & Bocalini, D. S. (2018). Description of training loads using whole-body exercise during high-intensity interval training. Clinics, 73(12), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.6061/CLINICS/2018/E516
MacInnis, M. J., & Gibala, M. J. (2017). Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity. J Physiol, 595(9), 2915–2930. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273196
Madueno, M. C., Guy, J. H., Dalbo, V. J., & Scanlan, A. T. (2019). A systematic review examining the physiological, perceptual, and performance effects of active and passive recovery modes applied between repeated-sprints. J Sports Med Phys Fit, 59(9), 1492–1502. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.18.09188-0
McEwan, G., Arthur, R., Phillips, S. M., Gibson, N. V., & Easton, C. (2018). Interval running with self-selected recovery: Physiology, performance, and perception. Europ J Sport Sci, 18(8), 1058–1067. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1472811
Mclaren, S. J., Macpherson, T. W., Coutts, A. J., Hurst, C., Spears, I. R., & Weston, M. (2017). The relationships between internal and external measures of training load and intensity in team sports : A Meta-analysis. Sports Med. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0830-z
Meeusen, R., Duclos, M., Foster, C., Fry, A., Gleeson, M., Nieman, D., Raglin, J., Rietjens, G., Steinacker, J., & Urhausen, A. (2013). Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the european college of sport science and the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 45(1), 186–205. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318279a10a
Milanović, Z., Sporiš, G., & Weston, M. (2015). Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIT) and continuous endurance training for VO2max improvements: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Sports Med, 45(10), 1469–1481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0365-0
Morgan, W. P., Brown, D. R., Raglin, J. S., O’Connor, P. J., & Ellickson, K. A. (1987). Psychological monitoring of overtraining and staleness. Brit J Sports Med, 21(3), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.21.3.107
Nakamura, F. Y., Flatt, A. A., Pereira, L. A., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Loturco, I., & Esco, M. R. (2015). Ultra-short-term heart rate variability is sensitive to training effects in team sports players. J Sports Sci Med, 14(3), 602–605.
Nakamura, F. Y., Moreira, A., & Aoki, M. S. (2010). Monitoramento da carga de treinamento: A percepção subjetiva do esforço da sessão é um método confiável? Rev Educ Física/UEM, 21(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4025/reveducfis.v21i1.6713
Nuuttila, O., Seipäjärvi, S., Kyröläinen, H., & Nummela, A. (2022). Reliability and sensitivity of nocturnal heart rate and heart-rate variability in monitoring individual responses to training load. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, Ahead of P, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2022-0145
Perkins, S. E., Jelinek, H. F., Al-Aubaidy, H. A., & de Jong, B. (2017). Immediate and long term effects of endurance and high intensity interval exercise on linear and nonlinear heart rate variability. J Sci Med in Sport, 20(3), 312–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.009
Pind, R., & Mäestu, J. (2017). Monitoring training load: necessity, methods and applications. Acta Kinesiol Univ Tart, 23, 7–18. https://doi.org/10.12697/akut.2017.23.01
Plews, D. J., Laursen, P. B., Stanley, J., Kilding, A. E., & Buchheit, M. (2013). Training adaptation and heart rate variability in elite endurance athletes : Opening the door to effective monitoring. Sports Med, 43, 773–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0071-8
Pollock, S., Gaoua, N., Johnston, M. J. J., Cooke, K., Girard, O., & Katya, N. M. (2019). Training regimes and recovery monitoring practices of elite british swimmers. J Sports Sci Med, 18, 577–585.
Quintana, D. S., Heathers, J. A., & Kemp, A. H. (2012). On the validity of using the Polar RS800 heart rate monitor for heart rate variability research. Eur J Appl Physiol, 112(2), 4179–4180.
Rohlfs, I. C. P. M., Rotta, T. M., Luft, C. B., Andrade, A., Krebs, R. J., & De Carvalho, T. (2008). Brunel mood scale (BRUMS): An instrument for early detection of overtraining syndrome. Rev Bras Med Esp, 14(3), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922008000300003
Sanchez, R., Nieto, C., Leppe, J., Gabbett, T., & Besomi, M. (2025). Associations between training load, heart rate variability, perceptual fatigue, sleep, and injury in endurance athletes during a 12-week training mesocycle. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541251335613
Sánchez-Otero, T., Tuimil, J. L., Boullosa, D., Varela-Sanz, A., & Iglesias-Soler, E. (2022). Active vs. passive recovery during an aerobic interval training session in well-trained runners. Eur J Appl Physiol, 122, 1281–1291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-04926-2
Sant’Ana, L. O., Bara-Filho, M. G., & Vianna, J. M. (2021). Monitoramento da carga de treinamento na corrida: Aspectos fisiológicos e metodológicos na aplicabilidade prática desta modalidade. Res Soc Develop, 10(9), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.16986
Schmitt, L., Regnard, J., & Millet, G. P. (2015). Monitoring fatigue status with HRV measures in elite athletes : An avenue beyond RMSSD ? Front Physiol, 6(343), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00343
Seiler, K. S., & Kjerland, G. Ø. (2006). Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes: Is there evidence for an “optimal” distribution? Scand J Med Sci Sports, 16(1), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00418.x
Taylor, J. L., Holland, D. J., Spathis, J. G., Beetham, K. S., Wisløff, U., Keating, S. E., & Coombes, J. S. (2019). Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases Guidelines for the delivery and monitoring of high intensity interval training in clinical populations. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 62(2), 140–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2019.01.004
Thibault, G. (2003). A graphical model for interval training. New Stud Athlet, 18(3), 49–55.
Tibana, R. A., de Sousa, N. M. F., Prestes, J., Feito, Y., Ernesto, C., & Voltarelli, F. A. (2019). Monitoring training load, well-being, heart rate variability, and competitive performance of a functional-fitness female athlete: A case study. Sports, 7(35), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7020035
Tibana, R. A., Sousa, N. M. F., Cunha, G. V., Prestes, J., Fett, C., Gabbett, T. J., & Voltarelli, F. A. (2018). Validity of session rating perceived exertion method for quantifying internal training load during high-intensity functional training. Sports, 6(68), 1–8.
Toubekis, A. G., & Douda, H. T. (2005). Influence of different rest intervals during active or passive recovery on repeated sprint swimming performance. Eur J Appl Physiol, 93, 694–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1244-9
Toubekis, A. G., Smilios, I., Bogdanis, G. C., Mavridis, G., & Tokmakidis, S. P. (2006). Effect of different intensities of active recovery on sprint swimming performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 31, 709–716. https://doi.org/10.1139/H06-075
Utter, A. C., Robertson, R. J., Green, J. M., Suminski, R. R., McAnulty, S. R., & Nieman, D. C. (2004). Validation of the adult OMNI Scale of Perceived Exertion for walking/running exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 36(10), 1776–1780. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000142310.97274.94
Vanrenterghem, J., Nedergaard, N. J., Robinson, M. A., & Drust, B. (2017). Training load monitoring in team sports : A novel framework separating physiological and biomechanical load-adaptation pathways. Sports Med. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0714-2
Wen, D. Z., Utesch, T., Wu, J., Robertson, S., Liu, J., Hu, G. P., & Chen, H. C. (2019). Effects of different protocols of high intensity interval training for VO2 max improvements in adults: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Sci Med Sport, 22(8), 941–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.01.013 WE - Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED)
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2025 Leandro Sant’Ana, Jeferson Macedo Vianna, Fabiana Rodrigues Scartoni, Géssyca Tolomeu de Oliveira, Bruna Macedo Carvalho, Marconi de Sena Altomar, Diogo Teixeira, Raul Antunes, Filipe Rodrigues, Rui Matos, Jefferson da Silva Novaes, Sérgio Machado, Diogo Monteiro
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e assegurar a revista o direito de ser a primeira publicação da obra como licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite que outros para compartilhar o trabalho com o crédito de autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Os autores podem estabelecer acordos adicionais separados para a distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicado na revista (por exemplo, a um repositório institucional, ou publicá-lo em um livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- É permitido e os autores são incentivados a divulgar o seu trabalho por via electrónica (por exemplo, em repositórios institucionais ou no seu próprio site), antes e durante o processo de envio, pois pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como a uma intimação mais Cedo e mais do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre) (em Inglês).
Esta revista é a "política de acesso aberto" de Boai (1), apoiando os direitos dos usuários de "ler, baixar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, pesquisar, ou link para os textos completos dos artigos". (1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
