Como influencia a atividade física, o autoconceito físico e os hábitos de sono nos estudantes universitários espanhóis em função do seu índice de massa corporal?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v83.119605Palavras-chave:
Saúde, perfis, qualidade do sono, atividade física intensa, pesoResumo
Introdução: Os estudantes universitários enfrentam mudanças no seu estilo de vida que podem afetar qualidades na sua saúde física e psicológica.
Objectivos: 1) identificar os níveis de índice de massa corporal, actividade física vigorosa, autoconceito físico e qualidade do sono entre os estudantes universitários espanhóis; 2) Analisar as relações entre o índice de massa corporal e a atividade física vigorosa, o autoconceito físico e a qualidade do sono entre os estudantes universitários; 3) Comparar os perfis de hábitos saudáveis entre os estudantes universitários de acordo com as categorias de índice de massa corporal.
Metodologia: O estudo transversal contou com uma mostra representativa de estudantes universitários espanhóis (edad media = 28,12 ± 10,36 anos) que responderam aos questionários IPAQ-SF, AF-5 e PSQI.
Resultados: O ajuste do modelo teórico proposto para explicar as relações entre as variáveis do estudo foi: CFI = 0,915, NFI = 0,901, IFI = 0,920 e RMSEA = 0,088. Os estudantes podem classificar de acordo com os níveis de atividade física vigorosa, o autoconceito físico, a qualidade do sono e a idade, respeitando as categorias de índice de massa corporal (MANOVA: traza de Pillai = 0,119; p = 0,007; β = 1; η²p = 0,04).
Discussão: Mais de 25% dos participantes foram classificados como tendo excesso de peso ou obesidade. Esta percentagem é superior à observada em estudos anteriores.
Conclusão: Os resultados podem aliviar a relação multidimensional entre os fatores de saúde física, condutual e psicológica nos estudantes universitários. Um índice de massa corporal mais elevado está associado a uma baixa qualidade do sono e a uma menor autoestima física, enquanto a atividade física intensa parece exigir um papel protetor.
Referências
Ahmed, E., Gizaw, G. & Argaw, A. (2025). Association between self-reported sleep quality and body mass index among Jimma University academic staff: structural equation modeling. BMC Nutri-tion, 11, 169. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-025-01154-7
Ahmed, S.K. (2024). How to choose a sampling technique and determine sample size for research: A simplified guide for researchers. Oral Oncology Reports, 12, 100662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662
Alosaimi, N., Sherar, L.B., Griffiths, P., & Pearson, N. (2023). Clustering of diet, physical activity and sed-entary behaviour and related physical and mental health outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 23, 1572. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16372-6
Arrogante, O. (2022). Sampling techniques and sample size calculation: How and how many partici-pants should I select for my research? Enfermería Intensiva, 33(1), 1-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfi.2021.03.004
Babic, M.J., Morgan, P.J., Plotnikoff, R.C., Lonsdale, C., White, R. L., & Lubans, D.R. (2014). Physical Activ-ity and Physical Self-Concept in Youth: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 44, 1589–1601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0229-z
Başoğlu, B. (2025). Comparison of body mass index and physical activity levels of e-sportsmen. Fron-tiers in Public Health, 13, 1557022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1557022
Biaigo, K., Ray, S., & Ahmed, S. I. (2025). Academic burnout and coping strategies in healthcare students: a scoping review. Medical Education Online, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2025.2579392
Bobo-Arce, M., Saavedra-García, M. Ángel, & Montero-Ordóñez, L. F. (2024). Analysis of perceived bar-riers to physical activity in Ecuadorian university students: comparison by sex. Retos, 55, 857-866. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v55.105607
Brooks, S. J., Parks, S. M., & Stamoulis, C. (2021). Wides-pread positive direct and indirect effects of reg-ular phy-sical activity on the developing functional connectome in early adolescence. Cerebral Cortex, 31(10), 4840–4852. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab126
Carneiro-Barrera, A., Amaro-Gahete, F. J., Acosta, F. M., & Ruiz, J. R. (2020). Body Composition Impact on Sleep in Young Adults: The Mediating Role of Sedentariness, Physical Activity, and Diet. Jour-nal of Clinical Medicine, 9(5), 1560. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051560
Cebrián, A. M., & Escalada, J. (2025). Prevalencia de obesidad y diabetes en España. Evolución en los últimos 10 años. Atención Primaria 57, 102992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2024.102992
Chen, H.-N., Chen, X.-Z., Zhang, W.-H., Yang, K., Chen, X.-L., Zhang, B., Chen, Z.-X., Chen, J.-P., Zhou, Z.-G., & Hu, J.-K. (2015). The impact of body mass index on the surgical outcomes of patients with gas-tric cancer. A 10-Year, Single-Institution Cohort Study. Medicine (Baltimore), 94(42), e1769. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000001769
Chen, M., He, Z., Zhang, Z., & Chen, W. (2022). Association of physical activity and positive thinking with global sleep quality. Scientific Reports, 12, 3624. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07687-2
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cuntz, U., Quadflieg, N., & Voderholzer, U. (2023). Health Risk and Underweight. Nutrients, 15, 3262. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143262
De Pedro-Jiménez, D., Romero-Saldaña, M., Molina-Recio, G., De Diego-Cordero, R., Cantón-Habas, V., & Molina-Luque, R. (2022). Relationships between work, lifestyles, and obesity: cross-sectional study based on the 2017 Spanish National Health Survey. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 21(3), 243–253, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjcn/zvab072
Deliens, T., Deforche, B., Chapelle, L., & Clarys, P. (2019). Changes in weight and body composition across five years at university: A prospective observational study. PLoS ONE, 14(11), e0225187. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225187
Duncan, M. J., Murphy, L., Oftedal, S., Fenwick, M. J., Vincent, G. E., & Fenton, S. (2023). The associations between physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep with mortality and incident cardio-vascular disease, cancer, diabetes and mental health in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Journal of Activity, Sedentary and Sleep Behaviors, 2, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44167-023-00026-4
Durán, M. A., Feu, S., & Sánchez, S. (2022). Regulación motivacional y motivos de práctica deportiva en jóvenes universitarios. Revista iberoamericana de psicología del ejercicio y el deporte, 17(3), 107-113. https://www.riped-online.com/articles/regulacion-motivacional-y-motivos-de-practica-deportiva-en-jovenes-universitarios-89483.html
Espada, M., Romero-Parra, N., Bores-García, D., & Delfa-De La Morena, J. M. (2023). Gender Differences in University Students’ Levels of Physical Activity and Motivations to Engage in Physical Activi-ty. Education Sciences, 13(4), 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040340
Estrada-Araoz, E. G., Quispe-Mamani, Y. A., Noblega-Reinoso, H., & Malaga-Yllpa, Y. (2024). Physical self-concept and motivation toward physical activity in university students: a cross-sectional study. Retos, 61, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v61.109580
Feijoo, L., Rey-Brandariz, J., Guerra-Tort, C., Candal-Pedreira, C., Santigago-Pérez, M. I., Ruano-Ravina, A., & Pérez-Ríos, M. (2024). Prevalence of obesity in Spain and its autonomous communities, 1987-2020. Revista Española de Cardiología, 77(10), 809-818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2023.12.019
Fernández-Bustos, J. G., Infantes-Paniagua, Á., Cuevas, R., & Contreras, O. R. (2019). Effect of Physical Activity on Self-Concept: Theoretical Model on the Mediation of Body Image and Physical Self-Concept in Adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1537. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01537
Gadie, A., Shafto, M., Leng, Y., Cam, C., & Kievit, R.A. (2017). How are age-related differences in sleep quality associated with health outcomes? An epidemiological investigation in a UK cohort of 2406 adults. BMJ Open, 7, e014920. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014920
Gamarra, M. L., Miranda, M. A., Saintila, J., & Aliaga, D.J. (2021). Correlation between physical activity, body fat and BMI in university students: a cross-sectional study. Nutrición Clínica y Dietética Hospitalaria, 41(4), 112-118. https://doi.org/10.12873/414aliaga
García, F., & Musitu, G. (1999). AF5. Autoconcepto Forma 5. TEA.
García, J. Musitu, G., & Veiga, F. (2006). Autoconcepto en adultos de España y Portugal. Psicothema, 18(3), 551-556. https://www.psicothema.com/pii?pii=3252
García-Martínez, I., Gavín-Chocano, Ó., León, S.P., &Ubago-Jiménez, J.L. (2021). Analysis of the Pre-Service Teachers’ Academic Stress Based on Their Self-Concept and Personality. Education Sci-ences, 11, 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11110659
Gropper, S. S., Simmons, K. P., Connell, L. J., & Ulrich, P. V. (2012). Changes in body weight, composition, and shape: a 4-year study of college students. Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism, 37(6), 1118–23. https://doi.org/10.1139/h2012-139
Guh, D.P., Zhang, W., Bansback, N., Amarsi, Z., Birmingham, C. L., & Anis, A.H. (2009). The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 9, 88. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-88
Hagen, E. W., Mirer, A. G., Palta, M., & Peppard, P. E. (2013). The Sleep-Time Cost of Parenting: Sleep Duration and Sleepiness Among Employed Parents in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study. Ameri-can Journal of Epidemiology, 177(5), 394–401, https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kws246
Herazo, Y. (2011). Predictores del número de días de actividad física vigorosa en estudiantes universi-tarios. Umbral Científico, 19, 50-54. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=30428111006
Hernáez, A., Zomeño, M.D., Dégano, I.R., Pérez-Fernández, S., Goday, A., Vila, J., Civeira, F., Moure, R., & Marrugat, J. (2019). Excess Weight in Spain: Current Situation, Projections for 2030, and Esti-mated Direct Extra Cost for the Spanish Health System. Revista Española de Cardiología, 72(11), 916–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2018.10.010
Hernández-Segura, N., Botella-Juan, L., Amezcua-Prieto, C., Morales-Suárez-Varela, M., Mateos-Campos, R., Fernández-Villa, T., Ortiz-Moncada, R., Almaraz, A., Narciso-Rufo, A., Ayán-Pérez, C., Molina, A. J., & UniHcos Project Working Group. (2023). Excess Weight in Relation to Lifestyle Habits in Spanish First-Year University Students: Differences between Pre- and Post-COVID-19—A Serial Cross-Sectional Study Based on uniHcos Project. Healthcare, 11(11), 1547. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11111547
Hoseini, M., Bardoon, S., Bakhtiari, A., Adib-Rad, H., & Omidvar, S. (2022). Structural model of the rela-tionship between physical activity and students’ quality of life: Mediating role of body mass in-dex and moderating role of gender. PLoS ONE 17(8), e0273493. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273493
Huijun, L., Xiange, Z., Ming, Y., Jiayi, S., Juanjuan, P., Wangquan, X., Yueli, S. & Guixia. F. (2025) The medi-ating role of daily living ability and sleep in depression and cognitive function based on a struc-tural equation model. BMC Geriatrics, 25, 223. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-05871-3
Jensen, M. D., Ryan, D. H., Apovian, C. M., Ard, J. D., Comuzzie, A. G., Donato, K. A, Hu, F. B., Hubbard, V. S., Jakicic, J. M., Kushner, R. F., Loria, C. M., Millen, B. E., Nonas, C. A., Pi-Sunver, F. X., Stevens, J., Ste-vens, V. J., Wadden, T. A, Wolfe, B. M., & Yanovski, S. Z. (2014). The 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guide-lines for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on the Practice Guidelines and The Obe-sity Society. Circulation, 129(25), supplementary 2. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee
Ka, S., Choe, Y. H., Kim, Y.-I., Kim, N., Seo, M., Choi, Y., & Park, J. (2025). The Effect of Exercise Interven-tions on Sleep Quality andWeight Loss in Individuals with Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials. Applied Sciences, 15(1), 467. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010467
Kawinchotpaisan, K., Segsarnviriya, C., & Norchai, P. (2025). The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Sleep Quality in Obese Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Obesities, 5, 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020032
Kyriazos, T.A. (2018). Sample size and sample power considerations in factor analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in general. Psychology, 9, 2207–2230. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.98126
Lee, I. (2025). What Makes Adult Learners Persist in College? An Analysis Using the Nontraditional Un-dergraduate Student Attrition Model. Education Sciences, 15(9), 1085. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15091085
Lemes, V. B., Sehn, A. P., Reuter, C. P., Burns, R. D., Reis, A., Araujo, A. C., & Brand, C. (2024). Associations of sleep time, quality of life, and obesity indicators on physical literacy components: a structur-al equation model. BMC Pediatrics, 24, 159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-024-04609-1
Lemma, A., Salelew, E., Demilew, D., Tesfaye, W., Shu-met, S., & Kerebih, H. (2021). Alcohol use disorder and associated factors among University of Gondar under-graduate students: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 129, 108373. https://doi.or-g/10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108373
Li, H., Boakye, D., Chen, X., Jansen, L., Chang-Claude, J., Hoffmeister, M., & Brenner, H. (2022). Associa-tions of Body Mass Index at Different Ages With Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterolo-gy, 162(4), 1088-1097. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.239
Lin, X., & Li, H. (2021). Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics. Frontiers in Endo-crinology, 12, 706978. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.706978
Macías, J.A., & Royuela, A. (1996). La versión española del índice de la calidad de sueño de Pittsburgh. Informaciones psiquiátricas, 146, 465-472. https://bit.ly/45jkMC9
Martínez-Bebia, M., Latorre, J. A., Anaya-Loyola, M. A., Giménez-Blasi, N., López-Moro, A., Jiménez-Monreal, A. M., Olea-Serrano, F., & Mariscal-Arcas, M. (2021). Variedad en la calidad de la dieta en adultos españoles y mexicanos. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición, 71(2), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.37527/2021.71.2.005
Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2017). Assessing the Size of Model Misfit in Structural Equation Models. Psycho-metrika, 82, 533–558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-016-9552-7
Melguizo-Ibáñez, E., González-Valero, G., Alonso-Vargas, J. M., Caracuel-Cáliz, R., Ortega-Caballero, M., & Puertas-Molero, P. (2023). Stress, Resilience, Burnout and Study Hours in Physical Education Pre-Service Teachers—An Explanatory Model about Gender. Behavioral Sciences, 13(11), 946. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13110946
Memon, A. R., Gupta, C. C., Crowther, M. E., Ferguson, S. A., Tuckwell, G. A., & Vincent, G. E. (2021). Sleep and physical activity in university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med-icine Reviews, 58, 101482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101482
Merellano-Navarro, E., Bustamante-Ara, N., Russell-Guzmán, J., Lagos-Hernández, R., Uribe, N., & Go-doy-Cumillaf, A. (2022). Association between Sleep Quality and Physical Activity in Physical Education Students in Chile in the Pandemic Context: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare, 10(10), 1930. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101930
Mielgo-Ayuso,J., Aparicio-Ugarriza,R., Castillo,A., Ruiz,E., Ávila, J.M., Aranceta-Batrina,J., Gil,A., Orte-ga,R.M., Serra-Majem,L., Varela-Moreiras,G., & González-Gross, M. (2016). Physical Activity Pat-terns of the Spanish Population Are Mostly Determined by Sex and Age: Findings in the ANIBES Study. PLoS ONE, 11(2), e0149969. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149969
Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. (2025). University Student Statistics. Government of Spain. https://www.ciencia.gob.es/InfoGeneralPortal/documento/08f45793-116d-4df2-8ddd-207662c3c6ee
Mohajan, D., & Kumar, H. (2023). Body Mass Index (BMI) is a Popular Anthropometric Tool to Measure Obesity Among Adults. Journal of Innovations in Medical Research, 2(4), 25-33. https://www.paradigmpress.org/jimr/article/view/578
Moreno- Gómez, C., Romaguera-Bosch, D. Tauler-Riera, P., Bennasar-Veny, M., Pericas-Beltran, J., Mar-tinez-Andreu, S., & Aguilo-Pons, A. (2012). Clustering of lifestyle factors in Spanish university students: the relationship between smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and diet quality. Public Health Nutrition, 15(11), 2131–2139. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012000080
Muñoz-Rodríguez, J. R. Luna-Castro, J., Ballesteros-Yáñez, I., Pérez-Ortiz, J. M., Gómez-Romero, F. J., Redondo-Calvo, F. J., Alguacil, L. F., & Castillo, C. A. (2021). Influence of biomedical education on health and eating habits of university students in Spain. Nutrition, 86, 111181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2021.111181
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. (2024). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet, 403(10431), 1027-1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2
Onetti-Onetti, W., Chinchilla-Minguet, J.L., Martins, F. M. L., & Castillo-Rodriguez, A. (2019). Self-Concept and Physical Activity: Differences Between High School and University Students in Spain and Portugal. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1333. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01333
Park, B. K. (2020). The Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Associated Factors in Middle-school Students: A Cross-sectional Study. Child Health Nursing Research, 26(1), 55-63. https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2020.26.1.55
Paulo, R., Ramalho, A., Scursatone, I., Caire, M., Calle, N. B., Bores-García, D., Espada, M., Rebelo, M., & Duarte-Mendes, P. (2024). Comparative Study of Physical Activity, Leisure Preferences, and Sedentary Behavior among Portuguese, Italian, and Spanish University Students. Healthcare, 12(19), 1930. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12191930
Ramón-Arbués, E., Granada-López, J.-M., Martínez-Abadía, B., Echániz-Serrano, E., Antón-Solanas, I., & Jerue, B. A. (2022). The Association between Diet and Sleep Quality among Spanish University Students. Nutrients, 14(16), 3291. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163291
Richards, A. L., & Specker, B. (2019). Evaluating hours of sleep and perceived stress on dietary cognitive restraint in a survey of college students, Journal of American College Health, 68, 824–831, https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1618312
Rodríguez-Muñoz, S., Corella, C., Abarca-Sos, A., & Zaragoza, J. (2017). Validation of three short physical activity questionnaires with accelerometers among university students in Spain. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 57(12),1660-1668. https://doi.org10.23736/S0022-4707.17.06665-8
Rodríguez-Rodríguez, F., Cristi-Montero, C., Villa-González, E., Solís-Urra, P., & Chillón, P. (2018). Com-parison of the physical activity levels during the university life. Revista médica de Chile, 146(4), 442-450. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0034-98872018000400442
Ruiz-Zaldibar, C., García-Garcés, L., Vicario-Merino, Á., Mayoral-Gonzalo, N., Lluesma-Vidal, M., Ruiz-López, M., & Pérez-Manchón, D. (2022). The Impact of COVID-19 on the Lifestyles of University Students: A Spanish Online Survey. Healthcare, 10(2), 309. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020309
Sáez, I., Solabarrieta, J., & Rubio, I. (2020). Physical Self-Concept, Gender, and Physical Condition of Bizkaia University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 5152. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145152
Salamero, L., Vila, N., & Escuer, J. (2022). Hábitos de vida saludables y lucha contra la obesidad: los retos del derecho ante la salud alimentaria y la nutrición. Recensiones, 32(1), 51-53. https://www.ajs.es/sites/default/files/2022-05/vol32n1_04_01_Recensi%C3%B3n.pdf
Sandri, E., Piredda, M., Sguanci, M., & Mancin, S. (2025). What Factors Influence Obesity in Spain? A Mul-tivariate Analysis of Sociodemographic, Nutritional, and Lifestyle Factors Affecting Body Mass Index in the Spanish Population. Healthcare, 13(4), 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040386
Sanz-Martín, D., Caracuel-Cáliz, R. F., Alonso-Vargas, J. M., & Melguizo-Ibáñez, E. (2025). Physical activi-ty and emotional intelligence in Spanish undergraduates: A comparative study by autonomous region. SPORT TK-EuroAmerican Journal of Sport Sciences, 14, 125. https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.688221
Sanz-Martín, D., Zurita-Ortega, F., Ruiz-Tendero, G., & Ubago-Jiménez, J. L. (2023). Moderate–Vigorous Physical Activity, Screen Time and Sleep Time Profiles: A Cluster Analysis in Spanish Adoles-cents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2004. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032004
Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency – Ministry of Consumer Affairs & National Epidemiology Centre – Carlos III Health Institute. (2023) Estudio ENE-COVID: Situación ponderal de la pobla-ción adulta en España. Informe. https://www.aesan.gob.es/AECOSAN/docs/documentos/nutricion/ENE_COVID_ADULTOS_FINAL.pdf
Surrati, A. M. Q., Altayeb, E. H., Almohammadi, W. A., Aljohani, R. M., Altouri, H. S. A., & Alhawsawi, R. A. (2024). The measured healthy lifestyle habits among Saudi university females in Medina, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore), 103(27), e38712. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000038712
Tafoya, S. A., Aldrete-Cortez, V., Fouilloux-Morales, M., & Fouilloux, C. (2022). The contribution of self-concept to sleep quality in adolescents: A cross-sectional study. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 28(4), 938–945. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2022.2090583
Thayer, J. D. (2002, April 2–5). Stepwise regression as an exploratory data analysis procedure [Paper presentation]. Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA, United States. ERIC. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED464932
Torres Pérez, A., Gavala González, J., & Fernández García, J. C. (2024). Physical activity practice and physical self-concept in students. SPORT TK-EuroAmerican Journal of Sport Sciences, 13, 26. https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.541481
Uzogara, S.G. (2016). Underweight, the Less Discussed Type of Unhealthy Weight and Its Implications: A Review. American Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research, 3(5), 126-142. http://www.openscienceonline.com/journal/archive2?journalId=744&paperId=3479
Vadeboncoeur, C., Townsend, N. & Foster, C. (2015). A meta-analysis of weight gain in first year univer-sity students: is freshman 15 a myth? BMC Obesity 2, 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40608-015-0051-7
Videira-Silva, A., Manco, L., Sardinha, L. B., & Fonseca, H. (2023). Vigorous physical activity: A potential ally in adolescent obesity management. European Journal of Sport Science, 23(4), 607–616. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2035437
Wang, Y., Hua, G., Liu, W., Wan, C., Hao, M., & Zhang M (2025) Exercise addiction in college students: the impact of body dissatisfaction, stress, physical activity and gender. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, 1546192. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1546192
Waterhouse, P., Samra, R., & Lucassen, M. (2022). Distance education students’ satisfaction: Do work and family roles matter? Distance Education, 43(1), 56–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2021.2020622
Whittingham, M.J., Stephens, P.A., Bradbury, R.B., & Freckleton, R.P. (2006). Why do we still use step-wise modelling in ecology and behaviour? Journal os Animal Ecology, 75, 1182-1189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01141.x
World Health Organization (WHO). (2025). Body mass index among adults. WHO. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/GHO/body-mass-index
Xu, Q., Lin, Z., chen, Y., & Huang, M. (2025) Association between sleep duration and patterns and obesi-ty: a cross-sectional study of the 2007–2018 national health and nutrition examination survey. BMC Public Health, 25, 1460. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22433-9
Zhang, B., Zheng, C., Liu, J., Song, H., Fang, Y., Hu, M., Choi-Yeung, A., Lo, A.-K., & Sun, F. (2025). High-intensity circuit training improves sleep parameters more than cycling-based high-intensity in-terval training in sedentary young women: A randomized controlled trial. Sleep Health, 11(6), 916-923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2025.05.012
Zyphur, M.J., Bonner, C.V., & Tay, L. (2023). Structural Equation Modeling in Organizational Research: The State of Our Science and Some Proposals for Its Future. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 10, 495-517. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041621-031401
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2026 Daniel Sanz-Martín, José Luis Ubago-Jiménez, José Manuel Alonso-Vargas, Eduardo Melguizo-Ibáñez
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e assegurar a revista o direito de ser a primeira publicação da obra como licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite que outros para compartilhar o trabalho com o crédito de autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Os autores podem estabelecer acordos adicionais separados para a distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicado na revista (por exemplo, a um repositório institucional, ou publicá-lo em um livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- É permitido e os autores são incentivados a divulgar o seu trabalho por via electrónica (por exemplo, em repositórios institucionais ou no seu próprio site), antes e durante o processo de envio, pois pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como a uma intimação mais Cedo e mais do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre) (em Inglês).
Esta revista é a "política de acesso aberto" de Boai (1), apoiando os direitos dos usuários de "ler, baixar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, pesquisar, ou link para os textos completos dos artigos". (1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
