Efectos de un programa de intervención con doble tarea en adultos mayores institucionalizados: un ensayo piloto controlado y aleatorizado

Autores/as

  • Natalia Pinto-Rojas Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
  • Walter Sepúlveda-Loyola Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
  • Macarena Moyano-Fuentes Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
  • Constanza Arévalo-Cea Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
  • Katherine Agüero-Villa Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
  • Fabiola Briones-Pineda Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
  • Ignacio Astudillo-Ganora Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-1497
  • Alejandro Álvarez-Bustos Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v68.112463

Palabras clave:

Ejercicio en modalidad de tarea dual, ensayo controlado aleatorizado, función física, institucionalizados

Resumen

Objetivo: Comparar los efectos del entrenamiento en modalidad de tarea única (ST) y de tarea dual (DT) sobre la función física y cognitiva en personas mayores institucionalizadas.

Métodos: Los participantes fueron aleatorizados en dos grupos: ST (ejercicio físico multicomponente, MPE) y DT (MPE + tareas cognitivas). Ambos grupos realizaron el ejercicio tres veces por semana durante un mes. El rendimiento físico y cognitivo se evaluaron mediante la Batería de Rendimiento Físico Corto (SPPB), la fuerza de prensión (IHS), el Índice de Barthel y la Evaluación Cognitiva de Montreal (MoCA); al inicio (V1), al finalizar el programa de ejercicio (V2) y un mes después (V3). Los resultados se analizaron mediante la prueba t de Student para muestras relacionadas y modelos de regresión lineal.

Resultados: Se incluyeron 24 participantes (58,3 % hombres, edad media 67,33±3,36). La adherencia fue del 100 % en ambos grupos. Entre V1-V2, ambos grupos mejoraron significativamente en SPPB e IHS, mientras que MoCA solo aumentó en el grupo DT. Se observaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos en ∆V1-V2 SPPB (p<0.001) y ∆V1-V3 IHS (p<0.05). Al considerar la función cognitiva, solo ∆V1-V2 SPPB [β(IC95 %): 1.63(0.78, 2.47), p=0.001] y ∆V1-V2 IHS [β(IC95 %): 0.97(0.10, 0.84), p=0.031] mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos.

Conclusiones: El ejercicio de tarea dual podría generar un mayor efecto sobre la función física, pero no cognitiva, en comparación con el ejercicio de tarea única en adultos mayores institucionalizados. Se requieren ensayos controlados aleatorizados de mayor tamaño para confirmar estos hallazgos.

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2025-06-22

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Pinto-Rojas, N., Sepúlveda-Loyola, W., Moyano-Fuentes, . M., Arévalo-Cea, C., Agüero-Villa, K., Briones-Pineda, F., … Álvarez-Bustos, A. (2025). Efectos de un programa de intervención con doble tarea en adultos mayores institucionalizados: un ensayo piloto controlado y aleatorizado. Retos, 68, 1900–1912. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v68.112463

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