Interrelation of mental toughness, religiosity, and happiness of elite adolescent athletes based on gender, type of sport, and level of education
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.103469Keywords:
elite youth athletes, mental toughness, religiosity, satisfactionAbstract
There are no studies that comprehensively discuss mental toughness, religiosity, and satisfaction based on gender, type of sport, and different school levels, especially in the context of elite youth athletes. In fact, this variable is believed to be a very important construct in relation to athletes' performance and achievements on the field. The purpose of this research is to explore athlete’s mental toughness, religiosity, and life happiness based on gender, type of sport, and school level. A total of 97 elite youth athletes were included in the study (age = 15.22 ± 1.34; F = 36, M = 61). Research data were collected using standard instruments used by scientists around the world, namely the Mental Toughness Index (MTI), Spirituality in Sports Test (SIST), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Analysis of variance, correlation, and path analysis were used to understand more deeply the three research variables based on the athlete’s gender, type of sport, and school level. This study found that there was a significant difference only in the athlete's religiosity variable based on school level (F = 6.212, p ≤ .01). Athletes' mental toughness has a significant relationship with religiosity (r = .343; ρ = .323; p ≤ .01) and happiness in life (r = .340; ρ = .200; p ≤ .01). Apart from that, it also appears that religiosity has a significant relationship with happiness in life (r = .475; ρ = .406; p ≤ .01) and athlete age is significantly correlated with religiosity (r = .233; ρ = .200; p ≤ .05). Athletes' mental toughness has a significant relationship directly to satisfaction and indirectly through religiosity. These three variables have an important role in competitive sports so coaches or athlete coaches need to provide psychological intervention to improve these three variables.
Keywords: elite youth athletes, mental toughness, religiosity, satisfaction.
References
Afiatin, T., Istianda, I. P., Wintoro, A. Y., Ulfa, L., & Bulo, F. M. (2016). Happiness of Working Mothers Through Family Life Stages. Anima, 31(3), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v31i3.569
Akbar, A., Karim, Z. A., Zakaria, J., Suryanef, Cahyani, F. I., Rahman, M. A., Hamzah, N. B., & Mohamad, S. K. B. (2024). Understanding Mental Toughness in Student-Athletes: Insights from Sport Psychology. Retos, 54, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v54.102230
Akhtar, H. (2019). Evaluasi properti psikometris dan perbandingan model pengukuran konstruk subjective well-being. Jurnal Psikologi, 18(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.14710/jp.18.1.29-40
Calleja-gonzález, J., Terrados, N., Martín-acero, R., Lago-peñas, C., Jukic, I., Mielgo-ayuso, J., Marqués-jiménez, D., Delextrat, A., & Ostojic, S. (2018). Happiness vs . Wellness During the Recovery Process in High Performance Sport. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 19–20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2016.00009
Candra, A. R. D., & Rumini. (2014). Pembinaan Prestasi di Pusat Pendidikan dan Latihan Olahraga Pelajar (PPLP) Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation, 4(2), 102–108. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15294/active.v5i2.10734
Carr, A. (2004). Positive psychology: The science of happiness and human strengths. Brunner-Routledge.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Crust, L., & Clough, P. J. (2005). Relationship between mental toughness and physical endurance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100(1), 192–194. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.1.192–194
Dagnall, N., Denovan, A., Papageorgiou, K. A., & Clough, P. J. (2019). Psychometric Assessment of Shortened Mental Toughness Questionnaires (MTQ): Factor Structure of the MTQ-18 and the MTQ-10. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1993), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01933
Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Diener, E., Lucas, R. ., & Oishi, S. (2002). Subjective well-being: The Science of Happiness and Life Satisfaction. In C. . Snyder & S. . Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (p. 2002). Oxford University Press.
Dillon, K. M., & Tait, J. L. (2000). Spirituality and Being in the Zone in Team Sports: A Relationship? Journal of Sport Behavior, 23(2), 91–100.
Ellis, R., & Weir, J. S. (2020). In praise of god: Sport as worship in the practice and self-understanding of elite athletes. Religions, 11(12), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11120677
Flower, L. (2017). Spiritual Experiences: Understanding Their Subjective Nature in Peak Performance. The Sport Journal, 21(4), 1–10.
Francis, L. J., & Lester, D. (1997). Religion, personality and happiness. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 12(1), 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537909708580791
García-Naveira, A. (2010). Sports psychologist in high performance: Contributions and future challenges. Papeles Del Psicologo, 31(3), 259–268.
Gill, C., Minton, C., & Myers, J. (2010). Spirituality and religiosity: Factors affecting wellness among low-income, rural women. Journal of Counseling and Development, 88(3), 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00025.x
Goncąlves, J. P. B., Lucchetti, G., Menezes, P. R., & Vallada, H. (2015). Religious and spiritual interventions in mental health care: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Psychological Medicine, 45(14), 2937–2949. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001166
Goswami, S., & Sarkar, L. N. (2016). Impact of sport types on happiness of university athletes. Journal of Physical Education Research, 3(3), 91–100.
Gould, D., Dieffenbach, K., & Moffett, A. (2002). Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 172–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103482
Gucciardi, D. F., & Gordon, S. (2011). Mental Toughness in Sport: developments in theory and research. Routledge Taylor & Fracis Group.
Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2014). The Concept of Mental Toughness: Tests of Dimensionality, Nomological Network, and Traitness. Journal of Personality, 83(1), 26–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12079
Gucciardi, D. F., & Jones, M. I. (2012). Beyond optimal performance: Mental toughness profiles and developmental success in adolescent cricketers. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(1), 16–36. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.1.16
Guntoro, T. S., & Putra, M. F. P. (2022). Athletes’ religiosity: How it plays a role in athletes’ anxiety and life satisfaction. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 78(1), a7802. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i1.7802
Guntoro, T. S., Sutoro, & Putra, M. F. P. (2022). Merajut mental juara: Model latihan mental terintegrasi. CV. Wineka Media.
Guntoro, T. S., Sutoro, Putra, M. F. P., Kurdi, Németh, Z., & Setiawan, E. (2023). The role of anthropometry, physical, psychological and personality for elite athletes in competitive sports. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 27(4), 331–339. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2023.0409
Hagan, J. E. (2021). Investigating pre-competition-related discrete emotions and unaccustomed religious coping among elite student-athletes: Implications for reflexive practice. Religions, 12(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12030149
Holdcroft, B. (2006). What Is Religiosity ? Journal of Catholic Education, 10(1), 89–103. https://doi.org/10.15365/joce.1001082013
Howe, P. D., & Parker, A. (2014). Disability as a path to spiritual enlightenment: An ethnographic account of the significance of religion in paralympic sport. Journal of Disability and Religion, 18(1), 8–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228967.2014.868988
Huebner, E. S. (2004). Research on assessment of life satisfaction of chidren and adolescents. Social Indicators Research, 66(1–2), 3–33. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:soci.0000007497.57754.e3
Jirásek, I. (2015). Religion, Spirituality, and Sport: From Religio Athlete Toward Spiritus Athletae. Quest, 67(3), 290–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2015.1048373
Karageorghis, C. I., & Terry, P. C. (2011). Inside sport psychology. Human Kinetics Publisher, Inc.
Kogoya, K., Guntoro, T. S., & Putra, M. F. P. (2022). Sports Event Image, Satisfaction, Motivation, Stadium Atmosphere, Environment, and Perception: A Study on the Biggest Multi-Sport Event in Indonesia during the Pandemic. Social Sciences, 11(6), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11060241
Kusuma, I. D. M. A. W., Kusnanik, N. W., Lumintuarso, R., & Phanpheng, Y. (2024). The Holistic and Partial Approach in Soccer Training: Integrating Physical, Technical, Tactical, and Mental Components: A Systematic Review. Retos, 54, 328–337. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v54.102675
Lauer, L., Gould, D., Lubbers, P., & Kovacs, M. (2010). USTA Mental Skills and Drills Handbook. Coaches Choice.
Layard, R. (2005). Happiness: lessons from a new science. The Penguin Press.
Maksum, A. (2007). Kualitas Pribadi Atlet: Kunci Keberhasilan Meraih Prestasi Tinggi. Anima, Indonesian Psychological Journal, 22(2), 108–115.
Maksum, A. (2022). Mental Juara: Interrelasi antara Komitmen, Persisten, dan Ambisi Prestatif. Jurnal Olahraga Papua, 4(1), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.31957/jop.v4i1.1359
Maksum, A., & Indahwati, N. (2021). Patterns of physical activity and its impact on health risk and life satisfaction: An evidence from adults in Indonesia. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(6), 1087–1096. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090602
Moreira-Almeida, A., Neto, F. L., & Koenig, H. G. (2006). Religiousness and mental health: a review. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 28(3), 242–250. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462006005000006
Najah, A., Farooq, A., & Rejeb, R. Ben. (2017). Role of Religious Beliefs and Practices on the Mental Health of Athletes with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. Advances in Physical Education, 07(02), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2017.72016
Nicholls, A. R. (2011). Mental toughness and coping in sport. In D. F. G. and S. Gordon (Ed.), Mental toughness in sport: Development in theory and research (p. 2011). Routledge.
Nikbakhsh, R. (2021). Investigating the Role of Religious Beliefs on the Tendency to Use energy Substances in Professional Athletes. Sport Psychology Studies, 10(37), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.22089/SPSYJ.2021.9739.2069
Park, J.-K. (2000). Coping Strategies Used by Korean National Athletes. Sport Psychologist, 14(1), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.14.1.63
Putra, M. F. P. (2017). Mixed Methods: Pengantar dalam penelitian olahraga. Jurnal Sportif: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 3(1), 11–28. https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v3i1.682
Putra, M. F. P. (2022). Construct validity test of spirituality in sports test (SIST) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) method. Science, Movement and Health, XXII(2), 139–144.
Putra, M. F. P., & Guntoro, T. S. (2022). Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2R (CSAI-2R): Adapting and Validating Its Indonesian Version. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 10(3), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2022.100305
Putra, M. F. P., Guntoro, T. S., Wandik, Y., Ita, S., Sinaga, E., Hidayat, R. R., Sinaga, E., Muhammad, J., Sinaga, F. S. G., Kmurawak, R. M. B., & Rahayu, A. S. (2021). Psychometric properties at Indonesian version of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2: Testing on elite athletes of Papua, Indonesian. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(6), 1477–1485. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090645
Putra, M. F. P., Kurdi, Syahruddin, S., Hasibuan, S., Sinulingga, A., Kamaruddin, I., Kristiyandaru, A., Mashud, Hariadi, I., Guntoro, T. S., Sutoro, S., Sinaga, E., Ibrahim, Setiawan, E., & Ridwan, M. (2024). An Indonesian Version of Mental Toughness Index: Testing Psychometric Properties in Athletes and Non-athletes. Retos, 55, 816–824. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v55.106086
Putra, M. F. P., Sutoro, Guntoro, T. S., Sinaga, E., Wanena, T., Rahayuni, K., Jannah, M., Warni, W. E., Juriana, Priambodo, A., Tahki, K., Hariadi, I., Hidayat, R. R., & Wandik, Y. (2024). Cross-cultural adaptation of the psychological performance inventory-alternative (PPI-A) for the Indonesian context. Retos, 57, 1–12.
Qoriah, A. (2018). Exploring Spirituality of Sport for Research in Indonesian Context. The 4th International Seminar on Public Health Education (ISPHE 2018), 177–181. https://doi.org/10.2991/isphe-18.2018.41
Rakhmat, J. (2008). Meraih Kebahagiaan. Simbiosa Rekatama Media.
Roychowdhury, D. (2019). Spiritual Well-Being in Sport and Exercise Psychology. SAGE Open, 9(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019837460
Santana, T. T., Baidez, M. M., Gutierrez, K. Y. P., Montero, F. J. O., Fajardo, A. D. L., & Morales, J. L. L. (2022). Wellbeing, mental moughness and subjective vitality in athletes with disabilities. Retos, 45, 1165–1173. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v45i0.90753
Sarkar, M., Hill, D. M., & Parker, A. (2014). Working with religious and spiritual athletes: Ethical considerations for sport psychologists. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(6), 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.05.006
Savardelavar, M., & Arvin, H. (2012). The Relationship between of positive emotion and sport competitions in expert’s athletes. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2(3), 608–610.
Sholihin, M., Hardivizon, H., Wanto, D., & Saputra, H. (2022). The effect of religiosity on life satisfaction: A meta-analysis. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 78(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i4.7172
Spittle, M., & Dillon, R. (2014). Mystical experience to measurable description : the relationship between spirituality and flow. Series Physical Education and Sport, 12(1), 1–10.
Storch, E. ., Kolsky, A. ., Silvestri, S. ., & Storch, J. . (2001). Religiosity of elite college athletes. The Spost Psychologist, 15, 346–351. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.3.346
Storch, E. A., Storch, J. B., Kovacs, A. H., Okun, A., & Welsh, E. (2003). Intrinsic Religiosity and Substance Use in Intercollegiate Athletes. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 25(2), 248–252. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.2.248
Surono, Surjadi, D., Matakupan, O., Zamzami, I. S., Setiakarmawijaya, Y., Negara, J. D. K., Firmansyah, H., Pengalih, M. H. S. T., Taroreh, B. S., & Mulyana, N. (2020). Standardisasi pengelolaan dan pembinaan Pusat Pendidikan dan Latihan Olahraga Pelajar / daerah Sekolah Khusus Olahraga (PPLP/D dan SKO). Asdep Pengelolaan Pembinaan Sentra dan Sekolah Khusus Olahraga, Deputi Pembudayaan Olahraga, Kemenpora.
Sutoro, Guntoro, T. S., & Putra, M. F. P. (2023). Development and validation mental training model: Mental Toughness Training Circle (MTTC). F1000Reserach, 12(169), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129010.1
Tangkudung, J., & Mylsidayu, A. (2017). Mental Training: aspek-aspek psikologis dalam olahraga. Cakrawala Cendekia.
Wandik, Y., Guntoro, T. S., & Putra, M. F. . (2021). Training Center in the Midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic : What is the Indonesian Papuan Elite Athletes ’ Happiness Like? American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 5(10), 103–109.
Watson, N. . J., & Parker, A. (2013). Sports and Christianity: Mapping the Field. In N. . J. . Watson & A. Parker (Eds.), Sports and Christianity: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (pp. 9–88). Routledge.
Watson, N. J., & Czech, D. R. (2005). The Use of Prayer in Sport: Implications for Sport Psychology Consulting. Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 7(4), 26–35.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Retos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.
