Cold water immersion as an effective recovery method: its impact on heart rate and lactate levels post exercise
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v61.108794Keywords:
recovery strategy, cold water immersion, lactateAbstract
The study’s purpose. This study aims to analyze the effect of the recovery method using cold water immersion (CWI) with different temperatures and administration times. Material and Methods. Thirty-two student-athletes participated in this study. They were divided into four groups, carried out acute physical training with an intensity of 95%, and were given recovery treatments such as CWI during and after physical exercise CWI with temperature 150 Celsius (CWI DP 15), CWI with temperature 150 Celsius after practice physical (CWI P 15), CWI with temperature 100 Celsius after practice physical (CWI P 10), and the Static Rest (SR) group. Analysis descriptive, paired samples t-test, and two-way ANOVA direction used in data analysis. This is that all data were normally distributed (p ≥ 0.05) and homogeneous (p ≤ 0.05). The results of the heart rate analysis found that no There is a significant difference between group CWI DP, CWI P 15, and CWI P 10 with the current control group Exercise phase. Meanwhile lactate, there is a difference in concentration of lactate in the CWI DP 15 group against a control group in phase Immediately Post-exercise with a p-value of 0.021; the 10min post-exercise phase is difference significant concentration lactate groups CWI DP15, CWI P15, and CWI P 10 against control group with p- value 0.001, in the 120min post-exercise phase there is difference lactate group CWI P 15 against control group with The p-value is 0.001, in the 24 hours post-exercise phase there is difference concentration lactate CWI DP 15 group against control with p-value 0.0024. Cold Water Immersion (CWI) has been shown to significantly accelerate heart rate recovery (HRR), reduce blood lactate levels, and improve athlete performance, indicating that it may be beneficial in recovery protocols.
Keywords: Recovery Strategy, Cold Water Immersion, Lactate
References
Allan, R. (2017). Postexercise cold water immersion modulates skeletal muscle PGC-1α mRNA expression in immersed and nonimmersed limbs: Evidence of systemic regulation. Journal of Applied Physiology, 123(2), 451–459. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00096.2017
Amir, N. H., Hashim, H. A., & Saha, S. (2017). The effect of single bout of 15 minutes of 15-degree celsius cold water immersion on delayed-onset muscle soreness indicators. IFMBE Proceedings, 58, 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3737-5_10
Barnett, A. (2006). Using recovery modalities between training sessions in elite athletes: does it help? Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 36(9), 781–796. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636090-00005
Bastos, F. N., Vanderlei, L. C. M., Nakamura, F. Y., Bertollo, M., Godoy, M. F., Hoshi, R. A., Junior, J. N., & Pastre, C. M. (2012). Effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on post-exercise heart rate variability. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(11), 873–879. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1301905
Bieuzen, F., Bleakley, C. M., & Costello, J. T. (2013). Contrast Water Therapy and Exercise Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e62356. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062356
Bleakley, C. M., & Davison, G. W. (2010). What is the biochemical and physiological rationale for using cold-water immersion in sports recovery? A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(3), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.065565
Broatch, J. R., Petersen, A., & Bishop, D. J. (2014). Postexercise Cold Water Immersion Benefits Are Not Greater than the Placebo Effect. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(11), 2139–2147. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000348
Brophy-Williams, N., Landers, G., & Wallman, K. (2011). Effect of immediate and delayed cold water immersion after a high intensity exercise session on subsequent run performance. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 10(4), 665–670.
Daanen, H. A. M., Lamberts, R. P., Kallen, V. L., Jin, A., & Van Meeteren, N. L. U. (2012). A systematic review on heart-rate recovery to monitor changes in training status in athletes. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 7(3), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.7.3.251
Dellal, A., Casamichana, D., Castellano, J., Haddad, M., Moalla, W., & Chamari, K. (2015). Cardiac parasympathetic reactivation in elite soccer players during different types of traditional high-intensity training exercise modes and specific tests: Interests and limits. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 6(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.25723
Eigendorf, J., May, M., Friedrich, J., Engeli, S., Maassen, N., Gros, G., & Meissner, J. D. (2018). High intensity high volume interval training improves endurance performance and induces a nearly complete slow-to-fast fiber transformation on the mRNA level. Frontiers in Physiology, 9(MAY). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00601
Gill, N. D. (2006). Effectiveness of post-match recovery strategies in rugby players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(3), 260–263. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.022483
Gocentas, A., Landõr, A., & Kriščiūnas, A. (2018). Heart Rate Recovery Changes during Competition Period in High-Level Basketball Players. Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences, 1(80), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v1i80.334
Halson, S. L. (2014). Monitoring Training Load to Understand Fatigue in Athletes. Sport Med, 44(2), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0253-z
Iacovino, L. G., Rossi, M. L., Stefano, G. Di, Rossi, V., Binda, C., Brigotti, M., Tomaselli, F., Pasti, A. Pietro, Piaz, F. D., Cerini, S., & Hochkoeppler, A. (2022). Allosteric transitions of rabbit skeletal muscle lactate dehydrogenase induced by pH-dependent dissociation of the tetrameric enzyme. Biochimie, 199, 23–35. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248043845
Kellmann, M., Bertollo, M., Bosquet, L., Brink, M., Coutts, A. J., Duffield, R., Erlacher, D., Halson, S. L., Hecksteden, A., Heidari, J., Kallus, K. W., Meeusen, R., Mujika, I., Robazza, C., Skorski, S., Venter, R., & Beckmann, J. (2018). Recovery and Performance in Sport: Consensus Statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(2), 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759
Lee, C. M., & Mendoza, A. (2012). Dissociation of heart rate variability and heart rate recovery in well-trained athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(7), 2757–2766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2258-8
Lee, S., Choi, Y., Jeong, E., Park, J., Kim, J., Tanaka, M., & Choi, J. (2023). Physiological significance of elevated levels of lactate by exercise training in the brain and body. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 135(3), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.12.001
Leeder, J., Gissane, C., Van Someren, K., Gregson, W., & Howatson, G. (2012). Cold water immersion and recovery from strenuous exercise: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(4), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090061
Manojlović, V., & Erčulj, F. (2019). Using blood lactate concentration to predict muscle damage and jump performance response to maximal stretch-shortening cycle exercise. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 59(4), 581–586. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08346-9
Martínez-Lagunas, V., Niessen, M., & Hartmann, U. (2014). Women’s football: Player characteristics and demands of the game. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 3(4), 258–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2014.10.001
Munandar, R. A., Setijono, H., & Widyah Kusnanik, N. (2021). The Effect of Tabata Training and High Intensity Interval Training toward The Increasing of Strength, and Speed. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 8(10), 80. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i10.3007
Nixdorf, R., Nixdorf, I., & Beckmann, J. (2018). Stress, Underrecovery, and Health Problems in Athletes (pp. 119–131). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315268149-9
Paquette, M., Le Blanc, O., Lucas, S. J. E., Thibault, G., Bailey, D. M., & Brassard, P. (2017). Effects of submaximal and supramaximal interval training on determinants of endurance performance in endurance athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 27(3), 318–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12660
Parouty, J., Al Haddad, H., Quod, M., Leprêtre, P. M., Ahmaidi, S., & Buchheit, M. (2010). Effect of cold water immersion on 100-m sprint performance in well-trained swimmers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 109(3), 483–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1381-2
Peiffer, J. J., Abbiss, C. R., Watson, G., Nosaka, K., & Laursen, P. B. (2009). Effect of cold-water immersion duration on body temperature and muscle function. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(10), 987–993. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903207424
Poignard, M., Guilhem, G., Jubeau, M., Martin, E., Giol, T., Montalvan, B., & Bieuzen, F. (2023). Cold-water immersion and whole-body cryotherapy attenuate muscle soreness during 3 days of match-like tennis protocol. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 123(9), 1895–1909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05190-8
Pournot, H., Bieuzen, F., Duffield, R., Lepretre, P.-M., Cozzolino, C., & Hausswirth, C. (2011). Short term effects of various water immersions on recovery from exhaustive intermittent exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(7), 1287–1295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1754-6
Putrov, S., Omelchuk, O., Milkina, O., & Napalkova, T. (2021). Features of physical training of students based on the use of the method of interval training according to the “Tabata” system. Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and Pedagogical Problems of Physical Culture (Physical Culture and Sports), 11(11(143)), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.11(143).25
Roberts, L. A., Nosaka, K., Coombes, J. S., & Peake, J. M. (2014). Cold water immersion enhances recovery of submaximal muscle function after resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 307(8), R998–R1008. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00180.2014
Sánchez-Ureña, B., Martínez-Guardado, I., Crespo, C., Timón, R., Calleja-González, J., Ibañez, S. J., & Olcina, G. (2017). The use of continuous vs. intermittent cold water immersion as a recovery method in basketball players after training: A randomized controlled trial. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 00913847.2017.1292832. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2017.1292832
Sánchez–Ureña, B. (2017). The use of continuous vs. intermittent cold water immersion as a recovery method in basketball players after training: a randomized controlled trial. Physician and Sportsmedicine, 45(2), 134–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2017.1292832
Sousa, C. A., Zourdos, M. C., Storey, A. G., & Helms, E. R. (2024). The Importance of Recovery in Resistance Training Microcycle Construction. Journal of Human Kinetics , 91, 205–223. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/186659
Stanley, J., Peake, J. M., Coombes, J. S., & Buchheit, M. (2014). Central and peripheral adjustments during high-intensity exercise following cold water immersion. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(1), 147–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2755-z
Tabben, M. (2018). Cold water immersion enhanced athletes’ wellness and 10-m short sprint performance 24-h after a simulated mixed martial arts combat. Frontiers in Physiology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01542
Takei, N., Takahashi, K., Kakinoki, K., & Hatta, H. (2018). Relationships between rate of increase in post-exercise blood lactate concentration and performance of short-term high-intensity exercise in track athletes. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, 7(5), 253–259. https://doi.org/10.7600/jpfsm.7.253
Terrados, N., Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Delextrat, A., Ostojic, S. M., & Calleja-Gonzalez, J. (2019). Dietetic-nutritional, physical and physiological recovery methods post-competition in team sports. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 59(3), 415–428. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08169-0
Tripp, T. R., Caswell, A. M., Aboodarda, S. J., & MacInnis, M. J. (2024). The Effect of Duration on Performance and Perceived Fatigability During Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise in Young, Healthy Males and Females. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 34(7), e14692. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14692
Vaile, J., O’Hagan, C., Stefanovic, B., Walker, M., Gill, N., & Askew, C. D. (2011). Effect of cold water immersion on repeated cycling performance and limb blood flow. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(10), 825–829. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.067272
Vaile, Joanna, Halson, S., Gill, N., & Dawson, B. (2008a). Effect of cold water immersion on repeat cycling performance and thermoregulation in the heat. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(5), 431–440. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701567425
Vaile, Joanna, Halson, S., Gill, N., & Dawson, B. (2008b). Effect of hydrotherapy on the signs and symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 102(4), 447–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0605-6
Watson, A. M., Brickson, S. L., Prawda, E. R., & Sanfilippo, J. L. (2017). Short-Term Heart Rate Recovery Is Related To Aerobic Fitness In Elite Intermittent Sport Athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(4), 1055–1061.
Weenink, R. P., & Wingelaar, T. T. (2021). The Circulatory Effects of Increased Hydrostatic Pressure Due to Immersion and Submersion. Frontiers in Physiology, 12(July), 10–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.699493
White, G. E., Rhind, S. G., & Wells, G. D. (2014). The effect of various cold-water immersion protocols on exercise-induced inflammatory response and functional recovery from high-intensity sprint exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(11), 2353–2367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-2954-2
Wilcock, I. M., Cronin, J. B., & Hing, W. A. (2006). Physiological response to water immersion: A method for sport recovery? Sports Medicine, 36(9), 747–765. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636090-00003
Xiao, F., Kabachkova, A. V., Jiao, L., Zhao, H., & Kapilevich, L. V. (2023). Effects of cold water immersion after exercise on fatigue recovery and exercise performance--meta analysis. Frontiers in Physiology, 14(January), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1006512
Yang, Y., Chen, S. C., Yang, W. T., Kuo, J. T., & Chien, K. Y. (2019). Cold water immersion recovery strategy increases blood pressure levels after high-intensity intermittent exercise. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 59(11), 1925–1933. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.19.09771-8
Yankouskaya, A., Williamson, R., Stacey, C., Totman, J. J., & Massey, H. (2023). Short-Term Head-Out Whole-Body Cold-Water Immersion Facilitates Positive Affect and Increases Interaction between Large-Scale Brain Networks. Biology, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12020211.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Retos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.
