Physical fitness of schoolchildren in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago: comparative analysis between types of educational establishments
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v62.109189Keywords:
physical fitness, educational establishments, schoolchildrenAbstract
Introduction: State and private subsidized schools usually have limited resources that may restrict the frequency and quality of physical activities offered in educational establishments. Objective: to compare the physical condition of schoolchildren between 6-14 years of age attending state, private subsidized and private schools in the boroughs of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago. Methods: we worked with a random sample by sex and age of 1656 schoolchildren aged 6-14 years. Anthropometry was measured (weight, height, arm circumference, waist circumference and skin folds). In addition, horizontal jump without impulse, grip strength and the distance covered in the six-minute walk test were measured. Results: there was a significantly higher proportion of obesity and waist circumference above the 90th percentile observed in students from state schools, compared to their peers from private and subsidized private schools. At the same time, girls in state schools had significantly lower physical performance, particularly in tests of grip strength and horizontal jump (p < 0.01). Conclusion: State and subsidized schools tend to face resource limitations that may restrict the frequency and quality of physical activities offered. This may lead to lower results in physical fitness tests and, therefore, to a higher prevalence of risk indicators for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in these students. Therefore, it is urgent to increase the quantity and quality of daily exercise time and to stimulate participation in sports to prevent and promote cardiovascular health.
References
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Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 126-131.
Chomitz, V. R., Slining, M. M., McGowan, R. J., Mitchell, S. E., Dawson, G. F., & Hacker, K. A. (2009). Is there a rela-tionship between physical fitness and academic achievement? Positive results from public school children in the north-eastern United States. Journal of School Health, 79(1), 30-37.
España-Romero, V., Artero, E. G., Santaliestra-Pasias, A. M., Gutiérrez, A. M., Castillo, M. J., & Ruiz, J. R. (2008). Hand Span Influences Optimal Grip Span in Boys and Girls Aged 6 to 12 Years. Journal of Hand Surgery, 33A, 378-384.
Fernández-Bustos, J. G., Infantes-Paniagua, Á., Cuevas, R., & Contreras, O. R. (2018). Impacto de la actividad física sobre la salud cardiovascular en niños: un estudio longitudinal. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 32(2), 164-173.
Fierro, B., & Rocuant, A. (2023). Socioeconomic level and Body mass index: predictors of physical condition in Chilean students. Retos, 50, 228-233.
Fleming, S., Thompson, M., Stevens, R., Heneghan, C., Plüddemann, A., Maconochie, I., Tarassenko, L., & Mant, D. (2011). Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years of age: systematic review of observational studies. The Lancet, 377, 1011-1018.
García-Hermoso, A., & Marina, R. (2017). Relationship of weight status, physical activity and screen time with academic achievement in adolescents. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 11(1), 44-50.
García-Hermoso, A., Alonso-Martínez, A. M., Ramírez-Vélez, R., Pérez-Sousa, M. Á., Ramírez-Campillo, R., & Izquierdo, M. (2020). Association of physical education with improvement of health-related physical fitness outcomes and funda-mental motor skills among youths: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(6), e200223.
García-Hermoso, A., Ramírez-Vélez, R., & López, M. I. (2018). The role of physical education in the promotion of student health. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 32(2), 164-173.
García-Hermoso, A., Ramírez-Vélez, R., & Saavedra, J. M. (2017). Exercise interventions facilitated by mobile health tech-nology in school settings: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of School Nursing, 33(4), 239-251.
Gonzalez, S., & Martínez, R. (2018). Recursos y resultados en la educación física en Chile. Revista Latinoamericana de Educa-ción, 28(1), 45-62.
Guthold, R., Stevens, G., Riley, L. M., & Bull, F. (2018). Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants. The Lancet Global Health, 7(1), e36. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30454-6
López, A., & Rodríguez, B. (2019). La relación entre la actividad física y el rendimiento académico en adolescentes. Pediat-rics, 144(1), e20183232.
López-Sánchez, G. F., & Smith, L. (2019). Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in children. International Journal of Cardiology, 255, 193-198.
Martínez-Vizcaíno, V., Sánchez-López, M., Salcedo-Aguilar, F., et al. (2019). Impacto de los programas de actividad física sobre el rendimiento físico y salud en escolares. Medicine, 12(45), 2654-2660.
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Morales, P. E., & Guzmán, G. (2022). Políticas públicas y equidad en la educación física en América Latina. Latin American Research Review, 57(1), 210-225.
Moreno, L. A., Gracia-Marco, L., & Vicente-Rodriguez, G. (2021). Impacto de la actividad física sobre el desarrollo cogniti-vo y el rendimiento escolar en adolescentes europeos. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 10(2), 165-174.
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Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2019). Education at a Glance 2019: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. [citado 01 abril 2024]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1787/f8d7880d-en
Pérez, L., Gómez, A., Ruiz, J., & Martínez, C. (2021). Estrategias para mejorar la condición física en escuelas chilenas. Chil-ean Journal of Public Health, 29(2), 215-230.
Rodríguez, F., Palacios, J., & García, A. (2021). Evaluación de la condición física y salud en escolares: Un estudio comparati-vo entre tipos de establecimiento. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 35(4), 112-121.
Rodríguez-Torres, A., Bohórquez, N., Aimara, J. C., Cusme-Torres, A., & García-Gaibor, J. A. (2022). El impacto de la actividad física en el rendimiento académico en estudiantes de secundaria. Dominio De Las Ciencias, 8(2), 642-661.
Sanchez, X., & Martínez, C. (2019). La relación entre acceso a espacios deportivos y obesidad infantil en colegios públicos y privados. Pediatric Obesity, 14(1), 23-29.
Singh, A., Uijtdewilligen, L., Twisk, J. W., van Mechelen, W., & Chinapaw, M. J. (2012). Physical activity and performance at school: A systematic review of the literature including a methodological quality assessment. Archives of Pediatrics & Ado-lescent Medicine, 166(1), 49-55.
Smith, J., Robertson, G., & Hernández, P. (2020). Educación física y bienestar en la infancia. International Journal of Physical Education, 42(1), 54-69.
Smith, L., et al. (2021). Relación entre acceso a instalaciones deportivas y condición física en escolares. Journal of School Health, 91(3), 185-192.
Stewart, R., Wright, B., Smith, L., Roberts, S., & Russell, N. (2021). Gendered stereotypes and norms: A systematic review of interventions designed to shift attitudes and behaviour. Heliyon, 7(4).
Torres, P., & Fernandez, R. (2020). Efectos de la infraestructura deportiva en la salud física y mental de escolares chilenos. Chilean Journal of Public Health, 24(3), 299-310.
American Thoracic Society. (2002). Statement: Guidelines for the Six-Minute Walk Test. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 166, 111-117.
Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 126-131.
Chomitz, V. R., Slining, M. M., McGowan, R. J., Mitchell, S. E., Dawson, G. F., & Hacker, K. A. (2009). Is there a rela-tionship between physical fitness and academic achievement? Positive results from public school children in the north-eastern United States. Journal of School Health, 79(1), 30-37.
España-Romero, V., Artero, E. G., Santaliestra-Pasias, A. M., Gutiérrez, A. M., Castillo, M. J., & Ruiz, J. R. (2008). Hand Span Influences Optimal Grip Span in Boys and Girls Aged 6 to 12 Years. Journal of Hand Surgery, 33A, 378-384.
Fernández-Bustos, J. G., Infantes-Paniagua, Á., Cuevas, R., & Contreras, O. R. (2018). Impacto de la actividad física sobre la salud cardiovascular en niños: un estudio longitudinal. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 32(2), 164-173.
Fierro, B., & Rocuant, A. (2023). Socioeconomic level and Body mass index: predictors of physical condition in Chilean students. Retos, 50, 228-233.
Fleming, S., Thompson, M., Stevens, R., Heneghan, C., Plüddemann, A., Maconochie, I., Tarassenko, L., & Mant, D. (2011). Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years of age: systematic review of observational studies. The Lancet, 377, 1011-1018.
García-Hermoso, A., & Marina, R. (2017). Relationship of weight status, physical activity and screen time with academic achievement in adolescents. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 11(1), 44-50.
García-Hermoso, A., Alonso-Martínez, A. M., Ramírez-Vélez, R., Pérez-Sousa, M. Á., Ramírez-Campillo, R., & Izquierdo, M. (2020). Association of physical education with improvement of health-related physical fitness outcomes and funda-mental motor skills among youths: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(6), e200223.
García-Hermoso, A., Ramírez-Vélez, R., & López, M. I. (2018). The role of physical education in the promotion of student health. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 32(2), 164-173.
García-Hermoso, A., Ramírez-Vélez, R., & Saavedra, J. M. (2017). Exercise interventions facilitated by mobile health tech-nology in school settings: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of School Nursing, 33(4), 239-251.
Gonzalez, S., & Martínez, R. (2018). Recursos y resultados en la educación física en Chile. Revista Latinoamericana de Educa-ción, 28(1), 45-62.
Guthold, R., Stevens, G., Riley, L. M., & Bull, F. (2018). Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants. The Lancet Global Health, 7(1), e36. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30454-6
López, A., & Rodríguez, B. (2019). La relación entre la actividad física y el rendimiento académico en adolescentes. Pediat-rics, 144(1), e20183232.
López-Sánchez, G. F., & Smith, L. (2019). Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in children. International Journal of Cardiology, 255, 193-198.
Martínez-Vizcaíno, V., Sánchez-López, M., Salcedo-Aguilar, F., et al. (2019). Impacto de los programas de actividad física sobre el rendimiento físico y salud en escolares. Medicine, 12(45), 2654-2660.
Maulder, P., & Cronin, J. (2005). Horizontal and vertical jump assessment: reliability, symmetry, discriminative and predic-tive ability. Physical Therapy in Sport, 6, 74-78.
Ministerio de Educación de Chile. (2020). Educación física y deportes: Estrategias para la mejora. Santiago: Mineduc. [citado 01 abril 2024]. Disponible en: https://convivenciaparaciudadania.mineduc.cl/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ORIENTACIONES-ED-FISICA-WEB.pdf.
Morales, P. E., & Guzmán, G. (2022). Políticas públicas y equidad en la educación física en América Latina. Latin American Research Review, 57(1), 210-225.
Moreno, L. A., Gracia-Marco, L., & Vicente-Rodriguez, G. (2021). Impacto de la actividad física sobre el desarrollo cogniti-vo y el rendimiento escolar en adolescentes europeos. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 10(2), 165-174.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). (2007). Anthropometry Procedures Manual. [citado 02 abril 2024]. Disponible en: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/50334
Navarro, D., & Ossa, J. (2020). Evaluación longitudinal de programas de actividad física escolar y su impacto en la salud. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17, 12.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2019). Education at a Glance 2019: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. [citado 01 abril 2024]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1787/f8d7880d-en
Pérez, L., Gómez, A., Ruiz, J., & Martínez, C. (2021). Estrategias para mejorar la condición física en escuelas chilenas. Chil-ean Journal of Public Health, 29(2), 215-230.
Rodríguez, F., Palacios, J., & García, A. (2021). Evaluación de la condición física y salud en escolares: Un estudio comparati-vo entre tipos de establecimiento. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 35(4), 112-121.
Rodríguez-Torres, A., Bohórquez, N., Aimara, J. C., Cusme-Torres, A., & García-Gaibor, J. A. (2022). El impacto de la actividad física en el rendimiento académico en estudiantes de secundaria. Dominio De Las Ciencias, 8(2), 642-661.
Sanchez, X., & Martínez, C. (2019). La relación entre acceso a espacios deportivos y obesidad infantil en colegios públicos y privados. Pediatric Obesity, 14(1), 23-29.
Singh, A., Uijtdewilligen, L., Twisk, J. W., van Mechelen, W., & Chinapaw, M. J. (2012). Physical activity and performance at school: A systematic review of the literature including a methodological quality assessment. Archives of Pediatrics & Ado-lescent Medicine, 166(1), 49-55.
Smith, J., Robertson, G., & Hernández, P. (2020). Educación física y bienestar en la infancia. International Journal of Physical Education, 42(1), 54-69.
Smith, L., et al. (2021). Relación entre acceso a instalaciones deportivas y condición física en escolares. Journal of School Health, 91(3), 185-192.
Stewart, R., Wright, B., Smith, L., Roberts, S., & Russell, N. (2021). Gendered stereotypes and norms: A systematic review of interventions designed to shift attitudes and behaviour. Heliyon, 7(4).
Torres, P., & Fernandez, R. (2020). Efectos de la infraestructura deportiva en la salud física y mental de escolares chilenos. Chilean Journal of Public Health, 24(3), 299-310.
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