El impacto de la forma física, la capacidad cognitiva y la edad en las habilidades de juego en futbolistas jóvenes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v67.115288Palabras clave:
Aptitud Física, capacidad cognitiva, edad, habilidades futbolísticasResumen
Introducción: La forma física y la capacidad cognitiva son dos componentes importantes en el rendimiento en la práctica del fútbol, especialmente en el grupo de edad joven.
Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el efecto del VO₂max, el coeficiente intelectual y la edad en las habilidades de juego de fútbol en jugadores jóvenes.
Metodología: Este estudio utilizó un diseño transversal en el que participaron 66 jugadores de 13, 15 y 17 años de varios clubes de Palembang. El VO₂max se midió mediante el test Bleep, el CI mediante un test de inteligencia estándar y las habilidades de juego mediante el test de habilidades futbolísticas David Lee. El análisis se llevó a cabo mediante la prueba de correlación de Spearman.
Discusión: Los resultados mostraron una correlación positiva significativa entre el VO₂max, el CI y la edad en las habilidades de juego de fútbol (p < 0,01). La edad mostró la mayor correlación con las habilidades de juego (r = 0,824), seguida del CI (r = 0,798) y el VO₂max (r = 0,750).
Conclusiones: Este estudio ha demostrado que la condición física, la capacidad cognitiva y la edad tienen una influencia significativa en las habilidades de juego de fútbol en jugadores jóvenes. La relación positiva entre las tres variables indica que el desarrollo de las habilidades de juego no puede separarse de la interacción entre la preparación física, la capacidad cognitiva y la madurez de la edad. Este estudio ha logrado cumplir sus objetivos al demostrar que la edad es un factor predictivo dominante, mientras que la preparación física y el coeficiente intelectual contribuyen de forma significativa y simultánea a la mejora del rendimiento técnico. Por lo tanto, el desarrollo de programas de entrenamiento basados en la edad que integren aspectos físicos y cognitivos es muy recomendable para maximizar el potencial de los jugadores jóvenes en el juego del fútbol.
Citas
Abarghoueinejad, Maryam, Daniel Barreira, Cláudia Dias, Eduardo Guimarães, Adam D.G. Baxter-Jones, and José Maia. 2021. “Body Physique, Body Composition, Physical Performance, Technical and Tactical Skills, Psychological Development, and Club Characteristics of Young Male Portuguese Soccer Players: The Inex Study.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073560.
Aksoy, Ömer, and Özcan Saygın. 2020. “Investigation of the Effects of 8-Week Football Training on Fine Motor Skills and Selected Physical Fitness Elements in 11-13 Years Old Children Group.” Euro-pean Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science 6: 60. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v6i6.3256.
Angius et al. 2022. “Physical and Mental Fatigue Reduce Psychomotor Vigilance in Professional Foot-ball Players.” International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 17 (9): 1391–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0387.
Ashford, Michael, Andrew Abraham, and Jamie Poolton. 2021. “Understanding a Player’s Decision-Making Process in Team Sports: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence.” Sports 9 (5): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/SPORTS9050065.
Benítez-Sillero, Juan De Dios, Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda, Manuel Sanz-Matesanz, and Marta Domín-guez-Escribano. 2021. “Determining Factors of Psychological Performance and Differences among Age Categories in Youth Football Players.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 13 (14): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147713.
Bojkowski, Łukasz, Paweł Kalinowski, Robert Śliwowski, and Maciej Tomczak. 2022. “The Importance of Selected Coordination Motor Skills for an Individual Football Player’s Effectiveness in a Game.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 (2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020728.
Bonilla, Montenegro, A D ; Rodríguez, Aura D Montenegro Bonilla, Sergio D Rodríguez, Víctor Hernán-dez-Beltrán, José M Gamonales, Markel Rico-González, et al. 2024. “Citation: Comparative Anal-ysis of the Physical, Tactical, Emotional, and Mood Characteristics of Under-13 Soccer Players by Performance Level.” J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol 2024: 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040237.
Bujnovsky, David, Tomas Maly, Kevin R. Ford, Dai Sugimoto, Egon Kunzmann, Mikulas Hank, and Fran-tisek Zahalka. 2019. “Erratum to: Bujnovsky, d., et Al. Physical Fitness Characteristics of High-Level Youth Football Players: Influence of Playing Position. Sports 2019, 7, 46.” Sports 7 (12): 7120250. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7120250.
Cardoso, Felippe da S.L., Sixto González-Víllora, José Guilherme, and Israel Teoldo. 2019. “Young Soccer Players With Higher Tactical Knowledge Display Lower Cognitive Effort.” Perceptual and Mo-tor Skills 126 (3): 499–514. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512519826437.
Castro-Infantes, Santiago, Víctor M. Soto Hermoso, Ricardo Martín-Moya, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Hugo Sarmento, Alfonso Castillo-Rodríguez, and Francisco Tomás González-Fernández. 2024. “Prin-cipal Component Approach and Relationship between Nomination Scale for Identification of Football Talent and Physical Fitness in Young Soccer Players.” Applied Sciences (Switzerland) 14 (17). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177569.
Dallaway, Neil, Samuel J.E. Lucas, and Christopher Ring. 2021. “Concurrent Brain Endurance Training Improves Endurance Exercise Performance.” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 24 (4): 405–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.10.008.
Figueira, Bruno, Bruno Gonçalves, Nerijus Masiulis, and Jaime Sampaio. 2018. “Exploring How Playing Football with Different Age Groups Affects Tactical Behaviour and Physical Performance.” Bi-ology of Sport 35 (2): 145–53. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2018.71603.
Gaviria Alzate, Samuel Jose, Wilder Geovanny Valencia-Sánchez, Frank Esteban Espinal, Jorge Luis Bustamante, and Elkin Arias-Arias. 2024. “Tactical Critical Thinking Program on the Tactical Ef-ficiency Index, Declarative and Procedural Knowledge in Male Soccer Players: A Case Study.” Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 6 (December): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1469347.
Irianto, S. 2011. “Standardisasi Kecakapan Bermain Sepakbola Untuk Siswa Sekolah Sepakbola (Ssb) Ku 14-15 Tahun Se-Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.” Jurnal Olahraga Prestasi 7 (7): 44–50.
Jakobsen, Douglas. 2020. “Intelligence in Football: Conceptualizations , Developmental Methodologies and Behaviors.” Gymnastik- Och Idrottshögskolan (GIH). http://gih.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1395164&dswid=-5644.
Jatmiko, Tutur, Nining Widyah Kusnanik, Nurhasan Nurhasan, Heryanto Nur Muhammad, and Septyaningrum Putri Purwoto. 2024. “Increase of VO2 Max After 8 Weeks Tuja Shuttle Run Ex-ercise for Athletes in the 14-17 Year Age Group.” Retos 55: 575–80. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v55.103973.
Kelly, Adam L., Mark R. Wilson, Daniel T. Jackson, Jennifer Turnnidge, and Craig A. Williams. 2021. “Speed of Thought and Speed of Feet: Examining Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise and Physical Performance in an English Football Academy.” Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise 3 (1): 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-020-00081-2.
Lervold, Kathrine, and Hilde Kaalvik. 2025. “A Scoping Review of Empirical Research on Executive Functions and Game Intelligence in Soccer,” no. March. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1536174.
Machado, G., González-Víllora, S., & Teoldo, I. 2023. “The Relationship between Deliberate Practice, Play, and Futsal in Childhood and Adolescence and the Development of Different Decision-Making Skills in Professional Female Soccer Players.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 68: 102470. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102470.
Machado, Guilherme, Sixto González-Víllora, Hugo Sarmento, and Israel Teoldo. 2020. “Development of Tactical Decision-Making Skills in Youth Soccer Players: Macro- and Microstructure of Soccer Developmental Activities as a Discriminant of Different Skill Levels.” International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 20 (6): 1072–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1829368.
Macnab, Tara Mei Povall, Shima Espahbodi, Eef Hogervorst, Ahmed Thanoon, Gwen Sascha Fernandes, Bonnie Millar, Ashley Duncan, et al. 2023. “Cognitive Impairment and Self-Reported Dementia in UK Retired Professional Soccer Players: A Cross Sectional Comparative Study.” Sports Medi-cine - Open 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00588-2.
Martin L. Reinhard, David L. Mann, Oliver Höner. 2025. “The Role of Generic Cognitive Skills: An Empir-ical Investigation into the Association between Generic and Sport-Specific Cognitive Skills and Playing Level in Youth Football.” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2025.01.010.
Mason L, Panayi S, Wright J, Bruce-Low S. 2024. “The Association between Physical Outputs and Match Outcome across Different Playing Styles for a Professional Second-Tier Football Team across Two Complete Seasons.” J Sports Med Phys Fitness 64 (12): 1241–49. https://doi.org/Doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.24.15806-9.
Matos, Rui, Carlos Moreira, Emília Alves, José Eduardo Teixeira, Filipe Rodrigues, Diogo Monteiro, Raul Antunes, and Pedro Forte. 2023. “Tactical Knowledge by Decision Making and Motor Efficiency of Young Football Players in Different Playing Positions during a Three-a-Side Small-Sided Game.” Behavioral Sciences 13 (4). https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13040310.
McNamara, E. L. 2023. “Football IQ: Technical Report.” National College of Ireland.
Nakisa, Nima, and Mahboobeh Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar. 2021. “Comparison of IQ, EI, Sports Perfor-mance, and Psychological Characteristics of Young Male Soccer Players in Different Playing Po-sitions.” Annals of Applied Sport Science 9 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.29252/aassjournal.910.
Nikolaienko, V. V., and M. I. Vorobiov. 2023. “Aspects of Technical and Tactical Training of Young Foot-ball Players.” Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Sci-entific and Pedagogical Problems of Physical Culture (Physical Culture and Sports) 4 (4(163)): 12–17. https://doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2023.04(163).02.
Nini, D., Anang, L. 2012. Psikologi Pembelajaran. Yogyakarta: Mentari Pustaka.
Ortiz-pulido, Ricardo, Rubén Ortiz-pulido, Julio Alejandro Gómez-figueroa, and Raúl Ortiz-pulido. 2022. “Efecto Del Entrenamiento de Intervalo En Jugadores Mexicanos Juveniles de Fútbol Soccer.” Retos 2041: 907–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v44i0.89997.
Pranata, Didi Yudha, Furqon Hidayatullah, Sulaiman, Sri Sumartiningsih, Harry Pramono, and Heny Setiawaty. 2024. “Health and Fitness Study of Semarang Soccer Players: The Role of VO2 Max, Body Mass Index, Age and Length of Training.” Retos 61: 400–404. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v61.108184.
Scharfen, H E. 2022. “The Relationship of Cognitive Functions with Physical Skills, Game Intelligence, Game Time and Its Training in Elite Soccer Players.” Fis.Dshs-Koeln.De, no. January. https://fis.dshs-koeln.de/portal/files/6761866/Dissertation_final.pdf.
Schumacher, Nils, Mike Schmidt, Kai Wellmann, and Klaus Michael Braumann. 2018. “General Percep-tual-Cognitive Abilities: Age and Position in Soccer.” PLoS ONE 13 (8): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202627.
Silva, Ana Filipa, Daniele Conte, and Filipe Manuel Clemente. 2020. “Decision-Making in Youth Team-Sports Players: A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (11): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113803.
Slaidiņš, Kristaps, and Andra Fernāte. 2021. “IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS OF ALGERIAN FOOTBALL PLAYERS DURING CONFINEMENT ( COVID19 ) ON THE PHYSICAL PERFOR-MANCE ONCE THE RES .... FLASE JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCE Is a Scientific Journal Published Two Times per Year in Sport Science LASE Journal.” LASE Journal Of Sport Science, no. May 2022. https://doi.org/10.2478/ljss-2018-004.
Staiano, Walter, Samuele Marcora, Marco Romagnoli, Ulrich Kirk, and Christopher Ring. 2023. “Brain Endurance Training Improves Endurance and Cognitive Performance in Road Cyclists.” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 26 (7): 375–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2023.05.008.
Staiano, Walter, Michele Merlini, Marco Romagnoli, Ulrich Kirk, Christopher Ring, and Samuele Marco-ra. 2022. “Brain Endurance Training Improves Physical, Cognitive, and Multitasking Perfor-mance in Professional Football Players.” International Journal of Sports Physiology and Per-formance 17 (12): 1732–40. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2022-0144.
Vaccaro Benet, Pau, Alexis Ugalde-Ramírez, Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona, José Pino-Ortega, and Boryi A. Becerra-Patiño. 2024. “Identification of Game Periods and Playing Position Activity Profiles in Elite-Level Beach Soccer Players Through Principal Component Analysis.” Sensors 24 (23): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237708.
Zhao, Jie, Qian Gu, Shuo Zhao, and Jie Mao. 2022. “Effects of Video-Based Training on Anticipation and Decision-Making in Football Players: A Systematic Review.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 16 (November). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.945067.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2025 Mutiara Fajar, Heny Setyawati, Taufiq Hidayah, Mugiyo Hartono, Donny Wira Yudha Kusuma, Cahyo Yuwono, Didi Yudha Pranata
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
