Effects of outdoor physical activity on behavioural regulation among Malaysian university students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v77.118157Keywords:
Outdoor physical activity, Physical Education, behavioural regulation, peer relationship, aggressionAbstract
Introduction: Outdoor physical activity is recognized as an effective pedagogical approach for enhancing behavioural regulation, social competence, and psychosocial well-being. However, its role in reducing maladaptive behaviours among university students, particularly in Malaysia, remains underexplored.
Objective: This quasi-experimental study examined the effects of a structured outdoor physical activity programme on aggression, peer relationships, and self-regulation among 90 Malaysian undergraduates in a physical education course.
Methodology: Participants were assigned to a treatment or control group and completed three validated instruments at three measurement points: the Peer Relationship Index (IPR), the Personal Self-Concept Questionnaire (PSC), and the Aggressive Behaviour Questionnaire. The intervention, based on experiential learning and the Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) model, integrated cooperative tasks, reflective activities, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, regression analysis, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and mixed-design repeated measures ANOVA.
Results: Results indicated that positive peer relationships consistently predicted lower aggression levels (Pre-test β = –.367; Post-test 1 β = –.531; Post-test 2 β = –.519; p < .001). The treatment group showed significant improvements compared to the control group (F = 6.11, p = .003).
Discussion and Conclusion: These findings highlight the potential of structured outdoor physical activity to promote behavioural regulation in higher education.
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