Flipped Classroom and Recreational activities:Effect on Dribbling, Passing and Shooting Skills in Male Football Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v82.119733Keywords:
flipping classroom, recreational activity, fun learning, football skill, dribbling, passingAbstract
Introduction and Objective: Football instruction in Iraqi secondary schools still relies on a command-style approach in which learning time is limited, learners remain passive, and skill acquisition is detached from the motivational context of play. This study examined the effectiveness of a programme integrating the flipped classroom with recreational activities on male secondary students' dribbling, passing and shooting skills, compared with traditional teaching.
Methodology: A quasi-experimental, pre-test/post-test, two-group equivalent design was used. Forty male secondary students (16–17 years) from Diyala Education Directorate schools (2025/2026) were randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 20), which received the flipped classroom with small-sided recreational games for eight weeks, and a control group (n = 20), which received conventional instruction. Dribbling speed, passing and shooting accuracy were measured with standardised field tests. Data were analysed in SPSS v.26 using paired and independent-samples t-tests, improvement rates and Cohen's d effect sizes at p < 0.05.
Results: Both groups improved significantly from pre- to post-test (p < 0.05), but the experimental group's post-test scores were significantly higher than the control group's across all three skills (p < 0.001), with large effect sizes for dribbling (d = 1.83), passing (d = 1.17) and shooting (d = 1.28). Improvement rates for the experimental group (shooting 41.58%, passing 29.60%, dribbling 12.33%) exceeded the control group's.
Conclusions: Combining flipped classroom instruction with recreational activities proved effective and is recommended as a low-cost, replicable model for Iraqi physical education directorates seeking to modernise football instruction within existing curricular time.
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