¿Las piernas más largas hacen ganar carreras? Un análisis del papel de la longitud de las extremidades, la potencia explosiva y el tiempo de reacción en las carreras de velocidad

Autores/as

  • Mohibullah Khan Marwat
  • Shah Zaman Khan
  • Sajid Hussain
  • Muhammad Salman
  • Samera Saman
  • Kashif Mehmood
  • Muhammad Asad Khan
  • Hummaira Farah

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v82.119319

Palabras clave:

Desarrollo, mecánico, rendimiento, fisiológico, potencial

Resumen

Introducción: El rendimiento óptimo en la carrera de velocidad depende de diversos factores físicos, fisiológicos y estructurales. La estructura corporal, el entrenamiento, la capacidad natural y las instalaciones son componentes clave para el rendimiento en esta disciplina.

Objetivo: Este estudio examinó el papel de la longitud de las extremidades en el rendimiento de la carrera de velocidad, en relación con la potencia explosiva y el tiempo de reacción, en velocistas adolescentes varones. Se planteó la hipótesis de que la longitud de las extremidades desempeñaría un papel decisivo en el rendimiento de la carrera de velocidad.

Metodología: Una muestra de 32 participantes varones completó una intervención de 8 semanas que consistió en cinco sesiones semanales de 120 minutos cada una. Los participantes fueron reclutados de cuatro academias de atletismo en Peshawar. La edad de los participantes oscilaba entre los 14 y los 17 años y se requería una experiencia de dos años en carreras de velocidad. Se empleó un diseño de investigación experimental y se realizó una asignación aleatoria a un grupo de control o a un grupo experimental (n=16 en cada caso).

Resultados: El grupo experimental realizó ejercicios pliométricos y de técnica de carrera adicionales. Se midieron datos antropométricos, incluyendo altura, peso, longitud de las piernas, índice de masa corporal, potencia explosiva, tiempo de reacción y rendimiento en la carrera de velocidad.

Discusión: El grupo experimental mostró mejoras significativamente mayores en potencia explosiva (F(1,30) = 12,45, p = 0,001, ηp² = 0,29) y tiempos de sprint (F(1,30) = 15,32, p < 0,001, ηp² = 0,34) en comparación con el grupo control. No se encontró correlación entre la longitud de la extremidad y el tiempo de reacción.

Conclusión: El papel biomecánico de la extremidad más larga es determinante en el sprint; sin embargo, el entrenamiento estructurado de la potencia explosiva puede optimizar aún más esta ventaja estructural.

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Publicado

16-05-2026

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Artículos de carácter científico: investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas

Cómo citar

Khan Marwat, M., Khan, S. Z., Hussain, S., Salman, M., Saman, S., Mehmood, K., Khan, M. A., & Farah, H. (2026). ¿Las piernas más largas hacen ganar carreras? Un análisis del papel de la longitud de las extremidades, la potencia explosiva y el tiempo de reacción en las carreras de velocidad. Retos, 82, 268-280. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v82.119319